Migration society and transcultural entanglement in a multi-structured urban space – Kamjaneć-Podilśkyj in the 16th and 17th centuries

该项目考察了官方和非官方对早期现代城市社区移民的态度。位于波兰王国东南部波多利亚省的卡姆雅内茨市是一个超区域的贸易中心，同时也是与奥斯曼帝国、摩尔多瓦和克里米亚接壤的重要堡垒。这座城市由亚美尼亚人、波兰人和鲁塞尼亚人组成的三方行政长官进行独特的自治，这是一个移民社会多重结构的例证。该城市靠近边境的位置和该地区频繁的武装冲突也导致了对奥斯曼人和鞑靼人的共同态度的发展。这项研究从16世纪中期开始，直到1672年奥斯曼帝国占领，这一时期的城市和地区记录，从根本上改变了制度和人口结构。该项目由以下问题主导：移民人口如何在行动者的多极矩阵中定位？他们如何以及与谁谈判从属关系？谁设立界限并执行它们？本研究采用以行动者为中心的方法，在城市行动者与区域和地域精英接触的背景下，追踪了城市行动者之间的沟通和纠缠过程。在城市社区内，这些过程对于概述社会等级和管理冲突非常重要，而且对于创造一种对抗外部威胁的社区意识也很重要。该项目强调了决定社会秩序的谈判的复杂性，规范被社区接受的方式，以及定义归属感的叙述。跨文化纠缠的研究是理解社会形成过程的关键，因此为移民和社会的辩论提供了方法论上的贡献，远远超出了具体案例研究的范围。

The project examines official and unofficial attitudes towards migration in an early modern urban community. The city of Kamjanec in the south-eastern province of Podolia in the kingdom of Poland was a supra regional trading hub and at the same time an important fortress bordering the Ottoman Empire, Moldova and Crimea. The city was uniquely self-governed by a tripartite Armenian, Polish and Ruthenian magistrate, which exemplified the multifold structures of a migration society. The city’s location near the border and frequent armed conflicts in the region also led to the development of a common attitude against Ottomans and Tatars. The study sets in with the beginning of urban and regional records in the mid-16th century leading up to the time of the Ottoman occupation in 1672, which substantially changed the institutional and demographic framework. The project is led by the following questions: How are migrant populations positioned in a multipolar matrix of actors? How and with whom do they negotiate affiliations? Who sets up boundaries and implements them? Using an actor-centered approach, the study traces processes of communication and entanglement among urban actors against the background of their contacts with regional and territorial elites. Within the urban community these processes are important for outlining social hierarchies and managing conflicts but also for creating a sense of community against an outside threat. The project highlights the complexity of negotiations determining social order, regulating the modalities of being accepted into the community, and defining narratives of belonging. The study of transcultural entanglements serves as a key to understanding processes of society formation, therefore providing a methodologic contribution to the debates on migration and society well beyond the scope of the specific case study.