The impact of metropolitan authorities and supra-local strategic spatial planning on land-use patterns: a comparative analysis between Barcelona and Milan metropolitan areas, 1950s-2010s

在过去的70年里，人口和形态的巨大变化极大地影响了欧洲领土的传统城市结构。这些人口和形态的变化通常被称为大都市化过程，并对政策制定者提出了紧迫的制度和政治挑战。在整个欧洲，自20世纪50年代以来，对这些挑战的典型（但渐进）反应是建立大都市当局。通常情况下，区域范围内，战略性空间规划的发布是为了提出一个全面的指导方针，为未来的发展超越和跨越地方行政边界（即超地方一级），但是，一个关键的问题仍然是如何以及在何种程度上，大都市当局已经有效地通过这些战略性空间规划，在指导地方空间政策的城市遏制，特别是遏制城市蔓延。城市扩张或郊区化可以定义为“管理不善和规划不善的城市增长（......）”。其特点是城市土地使用过度增加，城市密度下降，家庭和经济功能在空间上分散分布”（Siedentop和Fina 2012：2765-2766）。这项研究的论点是，随着时间的推移，欧洲大都市当局对土地控制政策产生了重大影响。主要的假设是，尽管空间规划作为超地方空间发展的指导方针具有战略性，但大都市和地方治理行为体之间已经开始了具体的日常空间规划实践，从而能够有效实施超地方战略空间规划。调查土地遏制政策在实践中的应用在大都市一级似乎是特别有意义的，因为它可以提高我们的理解，如何支持和指导努力实现可持续发展的超地方scale.This研究连接的大都市治理过程（即大都市当局的作用）与（郊区）土地利用扩张的模式。本研究探讨在多大程度上的制度因素，治理动态和空间规划的做法，在大都市的规模可以（和已经）的（间接和非因果）的影响土地利用patterns.Building我以前的研究，本研究探讨巴塞罗那（西班牙）和米兰（意大利）的大都市当局在引导当地的空间发展对城市蔓延遏制的作用。选择巴塞罗那和米兰这两个城市地区是因为它们具有相似的体制结构和空间规划系统，但呈现出不同的空间发展模式。本研究提案专门针对总体研究的第二个目标（O2），工作计划以及所需资金仅涉及这一目标。第一和第三个目标（O 1和O3）已经实现。

In the past 70 years, dramatic demographic and morphological changes have greatly affected the traditional urban structure of the European territory. These demographic and morphological shifts are generally referred to as metropolitanisation processes, and have posed pressing institutional and political challenges to policy-makers. Across Europe, a typical (but gradual) response to these challenges since the 1950s has been the establishment of metropolitan authorities. Typically, area-wide, strategic spatial plans were issued to propose a comprehensive guideline for future development beyond and across local administrative boundaries (i.e. supra-local level).However, a key question remains about how and to what extent metropolitan authorities have been effective through these strategic spatial plans in steering local spatial policies for urban containment, in particular for the containment of urban sprawl. Urban sprawl, or suburbanisation, can be defined as "a poorly managed and poorly planned urban growth (...) characterised by an excessive increase in urban land uses, decreasing urban densities, and a spatially dispersed distribution of households and economic functions" (Siedentop and Fina 2012: 2765-2766).The argument of this research is that European metropolitan authorities have had a substantial impact on land containment policies over time. The main hypothesis is that, despite the strategic character of spatial plans as guidelines for supra-local spatial development, specific day-by-day spatial planning practices have been set in motion between metropolitan and local governance actors that enabled the effective implementation of supra-local strategic spatial plans. Investigating how land containment policies are applied in practice at the metropolitan level appears to be particularly meaningful nowadays because it can improve our understanding on how to support and direct efforts towards sustainable development at the supra-local scale.This study connects processes of metropolitan governance (i.e. the role of metropolitan authorities) with patterns of (suburban) land-use expansion. This research examines to what extent institutional factors, governance dynamics and spatial planning practices at the metropolitan scale can have (and have had) an (indirect and non-causal) impact on land-use patterns.Building on my previous research, this study examines the role of the metropolitan authorities of Barcelona (Spain) and Milan (Italy) in steering local spatial development towards urban sprawl containment. The urban regions of Barcelona and Milan were selected because they have similar institutional structures and spatial planning systems, but present divergent spatial development patterns.This research proposal specifically targets the second objective of the overall study (O2), and the work programme as well as the requested funding concerns this objective only. The first and third objective (O1 and O3) have already been carried out.