Molecular and Biochemical Studies on Copper Resistance of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

用硫酸铜和氢氧化铜（Kocide）检测了植物病原菌（5属31种179株）对铜的抗性。将细菌暴露在琼脂平板（Bacto马铃薯-葡萄糖琼脂）和水溶液中的这些铜化合物中。琼脂法对硫酸铜的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）比水溶液法高100倍。对硫酸铜抗性较高的品种有石竹（3mM）、洋葱（4.5 mM）、剑兰（4.25 mM）、葡萄（3.2 mM）、龙葵（2.25 mM）、丁香（2.25 mM）。针叶树（2.25 mM）；actinidiae (3.0 mM)；maclicola (2.0 mM)， P. syringae pv。番茄（2.75 mM），托拉斯特（2.75 mM），菊花Erwinia pv。玉米（2.75 mM），农杆菌（2.25 mM）和卡姆斯特黄单胞菌。去暑（1.75 mM）。假单胞菌的rRNA组II成员在高铜抗性方面是一致的。每个bacteriu ... 更多的米 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????紫丁香对铜的抗性。猕猴桃科；丁香科；黄斑菌和丁香假单胞菌。证实番茄为质粒来源。对葡萄球菌质粒pPgCul和丁香球菌质粒pv进行了分析。actinidiae （pPaCul）自传。后者的另一个质粒（pPaCu2）不具有传染性。抗铜质粒并不总是与高水平的抗性相关联。在sytingae pv。例如，photiniae的中等铜抗性（MIC 0.8 mM）也由质粒确定，尽管其性质尚未详细阐明。这些铜抗性质粒有时携带其他表型特性，例如，丁香假单胞菌的质粒具有链霉素抗性。丁香属植物胞外多糖的合成。maculicola。在大多数被测试的细菌中，观察到对硫酸铜的抗性程度与对氢氧化铜的抗性程度之间的高度相关。然而，洋葱姜、剑兰姜、葡萄姜和丁香姜。猕猴桃属植物对这两种铜化合物的反应不同于其他植物。在丁香属植物中。对氢氧化铜的抗性大于对硫酸铜的抗性。洋葱姜、唐菖蒲和姜菖蒲的亲缘关系正好相反。这些事实表明，植物病原菌对铜的抗性涉及多种机制。即使在对硫酸铜MIC最高的细菌中，对氢氧化铜或Kocide的MIC仍在实际喷雾的浓度范围内。因此，植物病原菌对铜化合物的抗性可能并不一定意味着这些化合物对植物细菌性病害的控制无效。少

Copper resistance of plant pathogenic bacteria (5 genus, 31 species and 179 strains) was examined with copper sulfate and copper hydroxide (Kocide). The bacteria were exposed to these copper compounds in the from of agar plate (Bacto potato-dextrose agar) and of aqueous solution. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper sulfate obtained by the agar method was one hundred times higher than that by aqueous solution. The high resistance to copper sulfate was observed with P. caryophylli (3mM), P. cepacia (4.5 mM), P. gladioli (4.25 mM), P. glumae (3.2 mM), P. solanacearum (2.25 mM), P. sytingae pv. aceris (2.25 mM), P. syringae pv. actinidiae (3.0 mM), P. syringae pv. maclicola (2.0 mM), P. syringae pv. tomato (2.75 mM), P. tolaasii (2.75 mM), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (2.75 mM), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (2.25 mM), and Xanthomonas capmpestris pv. vesicatoria (1.75 mM). The members of rRNA group II of Pseudomonas were consistent in the high copper resistance. Each bacteriu … More m was???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Copper resistance in P. glumae, P. syringae pv. actinidiae, P. syringae pv. maculicola and P. syringae pv. tomato was confirmed to be plasmid origin. The plasmid of P. glumae (pPgCul) and P. syringae pv. actinidiae (pPaCul) were self-transmissible. Another plasmid of the latter (pPaCu2) was not transmissible. Copper-resistance plasmids did not always associate with high level of resistance. In P. sytingae pv. photiniae, for example, moderate copper resistance (MIC 0.8 mM) was also determined by a plasmid, although its properties have not been elucidated in detail. These copper-resistance plasmids sometimes carried other phenotypic properties e. g., streptomycin resistance in plasmids of P. syringae pv. actinidiae and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis in the plasmid of P. syringae pv. maculicola.In the majority of bacteria tested, high correlation was observed between the degree of resistance to copper sulfate and that to copper hydroxide. However, P. cepacia, P. gladioli, P. glumae and P. sytingae pv. actinidiae were different from others in the behavior to these two copper compounds. In P. syringae pv. actinidiae, the resistance to copper hydroxide was greater than that to copper sulfate. The relationship was just opposite in P. cepacia, P. gladioli and P. glumae. These facts suggested that the diverse mechanisms are involved in copper resistance of plant pathogenic bacteria.Even in bacteria with the highest MIC to copper sulfate, the MIC to copper hydroxide or Kocide was still within the range of concentrations for practical spray. Thus, the resistance to copper copmpounds in plant pathogenic bacteria may not necessarily imply the ineffectiveness of these compounds in control of bacterial plant diseases. Less