A Study of Managerial Functions of Group Farming

在第二年（1991年）连续对以下四个群体农业案例进行了实际调查；(1)福冈县前原镇伊藤农机联合使用组，(2)福冈县二代县滨久保农机联合使用组，(3)群马县矶崎市三桥农机联合使用组，(4)佐贺县卡拉图市哈达农机联合使用组。其中，(1)和(4)是在实行集约化耕作的地区发现的病例，是覆盖面积比村庄更大的病例；(2)是在集约化农业地区的村庄范围内组织的案件；(3)是在一个广泛的农业地区的几个农村小村庄的情况，其中大多数农场属于兼职农场。以下是对不同类型农区不同类型集团化经营的实际调查得出的主要结果。(1)日本东部和西部两个地区在集团化经营的类型和职能转移方式上存在明显差异。这似乎是由于两个地区耕作方式的不同。(2)联合使用机械和集团化土地利用是提高集团化农作效益的必要条件。(3)比小村庄面积更大的集体耕作方式更有利于有效地使用机械。然而，在这样一个组织广泛的农业群体中，集体农业与农村小村的关系成为亟待调整的问题。(4)在一个方面，群体农业有一种趋势，从一种以地域为基础组织的、包含许多异质农场的类型，转变为另一种以自愿为基础组织的、由农场规模或农场类型上同质特征较少的农场数量组成的类型。后一种集团式农业在扩大农场经营规模和加强集团式农业的管理功能方面似乎具有优势。但是，目前的小块分散耕地制度严重限制了在更大范围内自愿组织的这种集体耕作方式中提高农业资源利用效率。上述两种类型的农业似乎都是必要的，以便共同努力解决与普遍存在的散场系统有关的问题。少

Actual investigations had been done continuously during the 2nd year (1991) of the following four cases of group farming ; (1) Ito Joint-use Group of Farm Machinery, Maebaru Town, Fukuoka Prefecture, (2) Hamakubo Co-operative Farm, Nijyo Town, Fukuoka Prefecture, (3) Mitsuhashi Joint-use Group of Farm machinery, Isezaki City, Gunma Prefecture, and (4) Hada Co-operative Farm, Karatu City, Saga Prefecture. Of which, (1) and (4) were the cases which were found in the area where intensive types of farming had been practiced and were the cases which covered a wider area than a hamlet ; (2) was the case which was organized in the extent of a hamlet in an intensive farming area ; and (3) was the case which covered several rural hamlets in an extensive farming area where the most farms were in the category of part-time ones.The followings were the main results obtained from actual investigations of the different types of group farming in different types of farming areas.(1) A clear difference … More was found by two regions, Eastern Japan and Western Japan, in the types of and in the ways of shifting managerial functions of group farming. It seemed to due to the difference in types of farming in both regions.(2) Both joint-use of machinery and group adjustment of land use were necessary to improve the effectiveness of group farming.(3) The types of group farming which covered a wider area than a rural hamlet were desirable to employ machinery more efficiently. However, in such a widely organized group of farming, relations between group farming and rural hamlet become the problem to be adjusted.(4) Group farming had a tendency, in one respect, to change from one tupe which was organized on a territorial basis containing numerous farms of heterogeneous to another type which was organized on a voluntary basis consisted of less farms in number of homogeneous character in size of farm or in type of farms. The latter type of group farming seemed to have advantages in expanding the size of farm businesses and in strengthening the managerial functions of groups farming. However, the prevailing system of small-sized scattered fields placed a strong restrictions on improvement of efficiency in the use of farm resources in such a thpe of group farming as organized on a voluntary basis in a wider area. Both types of groups farming above mentioned seemed to b e necessary to work together to solve the problems relating to the prevailing scattered-field system. Less