Phylogenetic analysis of organisms based on the sequence date of the mitochondrial DNA from both extince and extant taxa.

为了对生物进行系统发育分析，包括灭绝和现存的分类群，从化石和活体哺乳动物和软体动物的许多样本中提取了DNA。特别是，从西伯利亚上更新世沉积层（53000-10000年）的几只长毛猛犸象（Mammuthus primigenius）化石样本中成功提取了DNA。利用与线粒体细胞色素b基因保守区互补的引物，用PCR扩增出以引物L14841和H15149为侧翼的307碱基对片段。PCR产物采用双脱氧测序法和克隆法进行测序。通过与现存的Ekephantidae物种的序列比较，扩增的化石DNA不是来自外部来源的污染。已灭绝和现存大象类群的分子系统发育树表明，猛犸象与非洲象的亲缘关系比亚洲象的亲缘关系更近，尽管在传统的系统发育树中，猛犸象与亚洲象的形态特征是姊妹类群关系。本项目研究了软体动物Umbonium (Suchium) [Mollusca；用古生物学和分子学方法对腹足类动物进行了研究。测定了5个现存物种线粒体dna同源区域的核苷酸序列，构建了系统发育树。公司；分子和形态系统发生树的分析表明，基于形态数据的系统发生树没有显示进化支，只显示了等级。

In order to make phylogenetic analysis of organisms including both extinct and extant taxa, DNA was extracted from a number of samples of fossil and living mammals and molluscs. Especially, DNA was successfully extraxcted from several fossil samples of wooly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) ocurred from the Upper Pleistocene depostis (53000-10000 yr. BP) in Siberia. Using the primers complementary to conserved regions of the mitochondrail Cytochrome bgene, a 307 base pair fragment flanked by the primers L14841 and H15149 was amplified using polynesase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR producs were sequenced using the dideoxy sequencing method, along with the cloning method. The amplified fossil DNA did not arise from contamination from an outside source by comparison with the sequence of the extant species of the Ekephantidae. The molecular phylogenetic trees of extinct and extant Elephgantid taxa suggested that the wooly mammoth was more closely retated to the African elephant than the Asian elehant, although the manmmoth and Asian elephant formed a sister group relationship in the traditional phylogenetic trees based on the morphologic characters.In this project, the evolutionary relationships of the species of Umbonium (Suchium) [Mollusca ; Gastropoda] were also studied by using paleontologic and molecular methods. The nucleotide sequences of homologuous regions of mitochondrial DNAs derived from five living species were determined and phylogenetic trees were constructed. The compa ; rison of molecular and morphologic phylogenetic trees revealed that the phylogenetic tree based onb the morphologic data did not show the clade but do the grade.