The Western Politics and the Circulation of Goods and Merchandise Through the Western Route by Land in the Qing Period, and Their Relation to Merchants of Shanshang districts.

清代西域政治与西路陆路货物流通及其与山上商人的关系

• 批准号: 05610306
• 负责人: KOSAKA Masanori
• 金额: $ 1.28万
• 依托单位: Tohoku Gakuin University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1993 至 1995
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-05610306/
• 关键词: Junghar; System of domestic customs in the Qing period; Military costs in the Qing period; National finance in the Qing period; Circulation of merchandise in the Qing period; Gansu; Guihuacheng; Zhoujiukou; 商品流通; ジュンガル作戦; 山西商人; 新彊開拓; 西方陸運ルート /

In the modern Chinese society, the circulation of goods and merchandise between the southern and northern regions had been developed on the Grand Canal as its pivot. I have managed to realize to some extent its conditions by investigating the function of the domestic customs in the Qing period, established in each country around the Grand Canal. But the state of the circulation through the routes by land north of the Huike, such as that of Hebei, 〜 Zhoujiukou 〜 Mengga, has not been surveyed enough, though it must have been much concerned with a larger problem on the relationship between the Chinese agricultural and the peripheral nomad societies. The present report aims at considering how the goods and merchandise circulated between these eastern and western regions, and how it was connected to the economic development in the whole China.The greatest moment of the circulation of wares between the east and west in the earlier Qing period was constituted by the development of the politics towards the Junghar. As the Qing Dynasty dispatched several times a mass of armies for the wars against the Junghar powers, it was required to keep a large quantity of munitions including food etc. and to transport them to each military station. In time of peace too, in order to maintain the fighting powers of the divisions posted in the front and intermediate bases, it was indispensable to supply them with military necessities. In the present report, explaining the total quantity of various kinds of munitions and the sum of military costs necessitated in times of war and peace, the assimilation to the mainland and the system of transportation of munitions through the northern road etc. during the period from the middle of Kangxi's reign to that of Qianlong's, I have concluded that the invested silver coins brought a boom by special demands to the frontier districts, and this constituted one of the causes of brisk business in the earlier Qing period.

在现代中国社会中，南部和北部地区之间商品和商品的流通是在大运河上作为其枢轴的。我设法在某种程度上通过调查在大运河周围每个国家建立的清单时期的国内习俗的功能来实现其条件。但是，霍克以北的土地通过路线的循环状态，例如hebei，〜zhoujiukou〜mengga，尽管它一定很广泛地关注中国农业与外围游牧社会之间的关系的更大问题。本报告旨在考虑这些东部和西部地区之间的商品和商品如何散发，以及它与整个中国的经济发展之间的联系。在早期的清楚时期，最大的货物散发时刻是由政治发展的政治发展构成的。当清朝几次派遣了众多军队，以争取对荣格大国的战争，因此必须保留大量的弹药，包括食物等，并将其运送到每个军事站。在和平时期，为了维持前部和中间基地中发布的分裂的战斗力量，为他们提供军事必需品是必不可少的。在本报告中，解释了各种弹药的总数量以及战争与和平时期所必需的军事成本，对大陆的同化以及通过北路的弹药运输系统等。在Kangxi的统治期间，我已经结束了一个特殊的COINS PRISTIST，从而使BOOM的一部分是在Kangxi的统治期间。在清单期间的生意很快。

项目成果

香坂昌紀: "清代的北新関与杭州"杭州師範学院学報 100期紀年号. 74-88 (1998)

小坂正德：《清代北方新涉杭州》《杭州师范学院学报》建校一百周年第74-88期（1998）

香坂昌紀: "清代史論叢"清代における南新聞と商品流通. 275-298 (1994)

小坂正德：《清史丛书》清代南报及产品分布275-298（1994）。

"Beixingguan and the Circulation of Merchandise in the Qing Period, at : The 3rd International Symposium on the History of Qing"Nankai University, China. (1996)

“北行关与清代商品流通，第三届国际清史研讨会”，南开大学，中国。

"The Economic Effects of the Operations to the Junghar, at : The International Symposium on the Chinese Societies Since the Ming and Qing Period"Nankai University, China. (1999)

“对准噶尔作战的经济影响，载于：明清以来中国社会国际研讨会”，南开大学，中国。

香坂昌紀: "清代常関制度の研究"(学位論文 94年東北大学、補筆終了後に刊行予定).

小坂正德：《清代长官制度研究》（东北大学论文，1994年，计划修改完成后出版）。