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The Western Politics and the Circulation of Goods and Merchandise Through the Western Route by Land in the Qing Period, and Their Relation to Merchants of Shanshang districts.

清代西域政治与西路陆路货物流通及其与山上商人的关系

基本信息

批准号：
05610306
负责人：
KOSAKA Masanori
金额：
$ 1.28万
依托单位：
Tohoku Gakuin University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1993
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1993 至 1995
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In the modern Chinese society, the circulation of goods and merchandise between the southern and northern regions had been developed on the Grand Canal as its pivot. I have managed to realize to some extent its conditions by investigating the function of the domestic customs in the Qing period, established in each country around the Grand Canal. But the state of the circulation through the routes by land north of the Huike, such as that of Hebei, 〜 Zhoujiukou 〜 Mengga, has not been surveyed enough, though it must have been much concerned with a larger problem on the relationship between the Chinese agricultural and the peripheral nomad societies. The present report aims at considering how the goods and merchandise circulated between these eastern and western regions, and how it was connected to the economic development in the whole China.The greatest moment of the circulation of wares between the east and west in the earlier Qing period was constituted by the development of the politics towards the Junghar. As the Qing Dynasty dispatched several times a mass of armies for the wars against the Junghar powers, it was required to keep a large quantity of munitions including food etc. and to transport them to each military station. In time of peace too, in order to maintain the fighting powers of the divisions posted in the front and intermediate bases, it was indispensable to supply them with military necessities. In the present report, explaining the total quantity of various kinds of munitions and the sum of military costs necessitated in times of war and peace, the assimilation to the mainland and the system of transportation of munitions through the northern road etc. during the period from the middle of Kangxi's reign to that of Qianlong's, I have concluded that the invested silver coins brought a boom by special demands to the frontier districts, and this constituted one of the causes of brisk business in the earlier Qing period.

在近代中国社会，以大运河为枢纽的南北商品流通得到了发展。通过考察大运河周边各国清代国内习俗的作用，我在一定程度上了解了大运河的状况。但是，惠克以北的陆路流通状况，如河北周九口孟嘎的陆路流通状况，还没有得到足够的调查，尽管它肯定与中国农业与周边游牧社会的关系这一更大的问题有很大关系。本报告旨在探讨东西部之间的货物和商品是如何流通的，以及它与整个中国的经济发展是如何联系的。清初东西货物流通的最大时刻是由朝向准噶尔的政治发展构成的。清朝为了抗击准噶尔列强的战争，多次出动军队，要求保存大量的军需品，包括粮食等，并将其运往各个军事站点。和平时期，为了维持前线和中间基地各师的战斗力，军事必需品也是必不可少的。本文通过对康熙年间至乾隆年间各种军需品的总量、战时与和平时期所需军费的总和、对大陆的同化以及北路的军需品运输系统等方面的阐述，认为投资的银币为边疆地区带来了特殊需求的繁荣，这也是清代前期商业兴旺的原因之一。