Comparative studies on the differentiation of the socio-cultural structures in the East-Asian states.

与传统的日本社会不同，旧中国在自治社区和地方地主制的基础上，积累了个人的人际关系，建立了行政垄断的专制国家。这种对比取决于建国前朝贡酋长所处的阶段。在中国，这一制度得到了高度发展，以至于可以根据从前一制度派生出来的从属规则，形成一个非常强大的帝国国家，但随后忽略了任何共同体秩序。另一方面，在日本，长制从未成熟，一个国家是在中华文明的作用下迅速而人为地形成的。因此，它的社会结构既受国家前社会性的制约，又受引入的国家框架的制约。自11世纪以来，日本出现了小的经济功利，社区和氏族制度都是从国家前的社会性直接发展而来的。在此…中过程越多，初级态的双重要素就会越重要。生产力的增长促进了这一趋势。这最终导致了封建制度的统治，或者说后来的“巴库罕”制度，一个结合了社区自治秩序的国家制度。相反，中国不会看到任何反专制秩序的成长。因此，不可能出现这样一种封建主义作为一种有效的控制制度，对其人民的统治已经越来越弱。这些差异提供了两个国家的现代方面。日本封建社会通过过去由社区主导的市场规则和排他性垄断，可以推进劳动分工和组织，扩大管理规模，降低经济成本。此外，全体成员之间的传统集会习俗也将有利于现代国家身份的政治统一。因此，向现代社会的转变肯定是以这种方式准备的。中国把自己塑造成了一个独特的政治经济结构，缺乏近代以后的日本那样的进程。较少

Different from the traditional Japanese society, based on both the autonomous community and the local seignior (lord) system, in the old China, accumulated the individual human relationships, a despotic state that monopolized administrative power was founded. Such a contrast depends on the phases of the tributary chiefdom existing before the state forming. In China this system had highly developped so that a very powerful empire-state could be formed, based on the rule of subordination derived from the preceding system, but then ignored any communal order. On the other hand, in Japan, never matured the chief-system, a state were shaped up quickly and artificially under the Chinese civilization. Therefore its social structure would be there conditionned by both the pre-state sociability and the introduced state-frame.As soon as small economic utits appear from the 11th century in Japan, both community and seignior system bigin to develop directly from the pre-state sociability. In this … More process, the dual elements of the primary state will be more important. The growth of productivity promotes this tendency. This results finally in the dominance of the feudal system or late in the "Bakuhan" system, a state-system incorporating the autonomous order of communities. Contrariwise China would not see any anti-despotic order growing up. So there could not take place such a feudalism as a effective system of control, the rule over its people had be more and more weakened.These differences provide modern aspects of both states. By the market rulings and the exclusive monopolies, previously assumed by communities, Japanese feudal society could advance on the division and organization of labors, enlarge the management-scale and reduce the economic cost. Additionally the traditional custom of assembly among all the members will be also convenient for the political unification of modern nationhood. Thus the shift into the modern society might be certainly prepared in this way. China made itself a peculiar politico-economic structure lacking the process like Japan after the modern times. Less