The Basic Study on the Transition of Chinese Governmental System from Pre-Modern Age to Modern Age

在本研究中，我们对前近代和近代中国政府体制的特征，特别是连续性和非连续性的特征进行了基础性研究。后者的典型是军事强国时期，前者的典型是清雍正时期。其中一个结果大致如下。前近代领域的结果是：雍正时期是中国漫长专制史上的完满时代。为了完善君主专制制度，最重要的是皇帝亲自用红笔批准臣民的王位材料。因此，《雍正赤训》是阐释政府体制的最佳材料。1949年，宫崎骏教授和安倍先生开始编制索引卡。我们在小野k.o o教授的带领下，在科研资助基金的帮助下，完成了包含12万张卡片的索引。我们为外国用户在该索引中添加了附录（t .. More日语音节比较表，拼音<Heion>和四教好马<Shikaku> Goba）。京都大学人文研究所将抄本送交清史研究所（北京）、国立故宫博物院（台北）等。军事专制是近代中国政府体制的特征。这不仅是君主专制的蜕变，也是帝国主义侵略的结果。为了阐明这些复杂性，我们广泛地收集了重要的材料。因此，我们努力收集中国北洋军阀和日本、美国、英国军阀的第一手资料。我们编制了英国F.O.371的目录2 .《档案（一般通信，政治，1926年）》和《日本陆军部档案》，《中国情报》(主要是驻三台大使馆和领事馆的武官情报》，《三台情报》（1923 -1926年）。在这些基础研究的基础上，我们召开了分组会议和全体会议。成员的文章和书籍已经反映在这些研究的一些结果中。少

In this research, we study the fundamental research about the characteristic of the Chinese governmental system of pre-modern and modern ages, especially those continuity and discontinuity. Model of the latter is miritary power's period, and the former is Yong-zheng period in Qing Dynasty.One of the results is roughly as follows.1. The results in the field of pre-modern age: Yong-zheng period was the finished age in the long Chinese despotic history. For the perfection of monarchal despotism, it was the most important that the emperor personally approved the materials to the throne of subjects by red brush. So " Emperor Yong-zheng's Instruction in Red" <Yousei Shuhi Ronshi> is the best material to elucidate the governmental system. In 1949, prof. I.Miyazaki and T.Abe began to compile the index cards of it. We, under the lesdership of prof. K.Ono completed the index included 120 thousands cards, by help of Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research. We added an appendix ( Comparison list of t … More he Japanese syllabary, Pin-yin <Heion> and Si-jiao-hao-ma <Shikaku> Goba) to that index for the foreign users. The Research Institute for Humanistic Studies of Kyoto University sent the copies to the Institute for Qing History (Beijing) and National Palace Museum (Tai-pei),etc.2. The results in the field of modern age: Miritary despotism was the characteristics of the modern Chinese governmental system. That was not only the metamorphosis of monarchal despotism, but also the result of imperialism's invasion. In order to elucidate those complexities, we extensibly collected the important materials. Accordingly, we made an effort to collect the first-hand materials of Bei-yang miritary clieque in China and those of Japan, U.S. and Great Britain. We compiled the catalogues of Great Britain's F.O.371 Archives (General Correspondence,Political, 1926) and Archieves of Japanese War Office, Informations of China (chiefly informations of miritary attaches to legation and consulates, in Mitsudai-nikki, <MitsuDai Nikki> (1923 -1926).3. Standing on those fundamental researches, we have held the sectional and general meetings. The articles and books of the members are already reflected in some results of those researches. Less