A Study on the History of Architecture Planning of Hospitals in Japan since 1860's.

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We can classify Hospital Buildings in Japan since 1860's in five times, that is, Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools, Military Hospitals, Public Hospitals, Special Hospitals and Private Hospitals.The Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools have been the most influential in Japan. These hospital buildings has been developed according to the contradictory relations with hospital functions and operation systems under the influences of various elements, that is, the development of medical science, nursing, and architectyral technology.The development of Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools can be classified in five stages, that is, 1) Germinal Stage (1860's-1867), 2) Formative Stage ( the clinic systems for general medical practices )( 1868-1877 ), 3) Specialized Stage ( the clinic systems for special practices )( 1878-1893 ), 4) Systematic Stage ( 1894-1918 ), 5) Independent Department Stage ( 1919-1945 ). The development of Public Hospitals can be classified in three stages, that is, 1) Non-Specalized Stage ( 1868-1887 ), 2) Specialized Stage ( 1888-1910's ), 3) Systematic Stage ( 1910's-1945 ).The Public Hospitals had been developed under the influences of the Hospitals Affiliated with Medical Schools. Time was about ten or twenty years behind. Military Hospitals was very important in Japan from 1868 to 1945. Three important Standard Plannings for the Military Hospitals were made during the Meiji Era. Most of the Military Hospitals were constructed systematically based on these standards. The wounded soidiers were transferred from small to large Military Hospitals according to their desease.