An Analysis of Urban Social Structure in Modern Times.

城市社会学的主题是规定城市的基本要素，并根据这些要素研究城市社会结构的理论。对城市社会结构提出最系统概念轮廓的日本社会学家是铃木惠太郎。他发现，城市的本质在于结节器官。然而，他的理论中仍有一些观点需要讨论。事实上，研究小组对铃木的实证研究进行了重新考虑。城市机关被认为是既不属于农业也不属于林业或渔业的机关。然而，在本研究中，我们试图根据属于城市的机关的类型来对城市进行分类。此外，我们还试图找到城市与城市中存在的机关之间的一些关系。在第二次尝试中，我们仔细检查了一些似乎是城市器官特征的元素。我们的发现是：1)Theo…更现实地说，城市可以被描述为以器官的质量和数量为界的人口稠密地区。这一理论在宏观问题上是可以接受的，但在微观问题上是不可接受的。具有主导中心功能的城市拥有更多的机关，而受这种中心城市影响的城市的机关数量明显较少。因此，后一种类型的城市依赖于中心城市。相反，与这些中心城市没有直接联系的城市在设立机构方面是独立的。2)城市的规模是以城市中存在的机构的质量和数量来衡量的，位于较低级别城市的机构通常是家庭、个人和结构独立的，只能作为消费者提供人们的日常需要。另一方面，排名较高的城市拥有更复杂的机构，这些机构由大规模的资本主义管理运行。这些机构履行管理和服务职能，其影响范围超出城市。3)机构的质量和数量受到行业性质的强烈影响。器官结构差异最大的是制造业和批发零售业。在这些行业中，制造业被发现是影响各城市机关结构变化的最大因素。因此，城市的形式显然是由这些城市中存在的产业决定的。较少

The main theme of urban sociology is to prescribe the essential elements of a city and to study the theorv of urban social structures according to those elements. The Japanese sociologist who advanced the most systematic conceptual outline of urban social structures was Eitaro Suzuki. He found that the nature of cities consists in nodal organs. There remain, however, some points in his theory which need discussion. As a matter of fact, the research team approached the present study with a reconsideration of Suzuki's empirical study.Urban organs are considered to be the organs that belong neither to agriculture nor to forestry or fishery. In the present study, however, we attempted to categorize cities by the type of organs which belong to the cities. Furthermore, we tried to find some relations between the cities and the organs that exist in the cities. For this second attempt, some elements which seem to characterize the cities' organs were carefully examined.Our findings are: 1) Theo … More retically, cities can be described as densely inhabited areas delimited by the quality and the quantity of the organs. This theory is acceptable in macro issues, but not acceptable in micro issues. Cities which have a dominant central function have a greater number of organs, while the cities under the influence of such central cities have a significantly smaller number of organs. As a result, the latter type of city is dependent on the central cities. On the contrary, the cities which do not have direct contact with such central cities remain independent from them in establishing organs.2) The scale of a city is measured by the quality and the quantity of the organs which exist in the city.The organs existing in the lower-ranked cities are usually familial, personal, and structurally independent, and are able only to provide people with their daily needs as consumers. On the other hand, the higher-ranked cities have more complex organs which are run by large-scale capitalistic management. These organs fulfil the function of management and service, and their influence extends beyond the city.3) The quality and the quantity of the organs were strongly influenced by the nature of the industries. The largest structural difference of organs is found between the manufacturing industry and the wholesale-retail industry. Among those industries, manufacturing is found to be the most influential factor in the structural change of the organs in each city. As a result, the cities' forms are clearly determined by the industries which exist in those cities. Less