A Study on Tense, Aspect and Voice in Modern Japanese

1这一时期我们关注的是现代日语中时、体和语态的关系。主要研究结果如下：（1）现代日语的完成体主要表现为site-iru（site-ita）形式和sita形式。完成体兼有时和体。(b)形态对立suru/sita包含（绝对或相对）时态和体。虽然日语的限定动词形式几乎在所有情况下都有绝对时间指涉，但非限定动词形式有相对时间指涉或体区别。(c)结果体与被动语态（或反身语态）之间存在一定的相关性。特别是sarete iru形式结合在一起的结果方面和被动语态的表达。2在对比语言学分析中，韩国学生写的作文中的错误数据库，使用个人电脑。本文对时体偏误进行了以下两点澄清：（1）这些偏误大致分为两类：由于学习者日语水平的不足而导致的发展性偏误和由于韩日时体系统的差异而导致的干扰性偏误。(b)大多数错误是发展性错误。干扰性错误不多，只是用格如式代替特如式。主要结果如下：（1）儿童使用的时态随着人的动作（如：无论它们是静态的还是动态的），以及（2）用实验的方法（i. e.口头答复或书面答复）。(b)在早期阶段，被试更倾向于使用现在时，而在后期阶段，被试在表达故事时更多地使用过去时。

1 During this period we have been concerned about the relationships between tense, aspect and voice in Modern Japanese. Main results were as follows :(a) The perfect aspect is manifested in Modern Japanese by site-iru (site-ita) form and sita form. The perfect aspect partakes of both tense and aspect.(b) The morphological opposition suru/sita incorporates both (absolute or relative) tense and aspect. Although Japanese finite verb forms have absolute time reference in nearly all instances, non-finite verb forms have relative time reference or aspectual distinctions.(c) There are certain correlations between resultative aspect and passive (or reflexive) voice. In particular sarete-iru form combines together expressions of resultative aspect and passive voice.2 In contrastive linguistic analysis, a database of errors in compositions written by Korean students, using a personal computer. Two points were clarified about errors of tense and aspect as follows :(a) These errors are classified broadly into two types ; developmental errors caused by the lack of learner's Japanese proficiency, and interference errors caused by the differences of tense-aspect systems between Korean and Japanese.(b) Most of errors are developmental errors. Interference errors are not many except the case ru-form is used instead of te-iru form.3 Some experiments were carried out to analyze the children's usage of tenses. The main results were as follows :(a) The tenses children used varied (1) with the actions of persons (i, e. whether they are static or dynamic) that would be expressed, and (2) with the methods of experiments (i. e. oral responses or written responses).(b) In the early stage the subjects preferred present tense, later they used mostly past tense when they expressed a story.