Attracting parasitoids by plants as defences against herbivorous insects

通过植物吸引寄生蜂来防御草食性昆虫

• 批准号: 03806007
• 负责人: OHSAKI Naota
• 金额: $ 0.77万
• 依托单位: KYOTO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1991 至 1992
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-03806007/
• 关键词: Attracting; Cotesia glomerata; Damage of leaves; Defense mechanisms; Herbivore; Parasitoid; Pieris rapae; Volatile chemicals; アオムシコマユバチ

Females of Cotesia glomerata (L.) (=Apanteles glomeratus L.)., a specialist parasitoid wasp of Pieris butterfly larvae, are attracted to volatile chemicals from leaves of a cruciferous plant Rorippa indica (L) Hieron damaged by larvae of three Pieris species, P.rapae L., P.melete Menetries and P.napi L. The volatile chemicals are emitted neither from saliva of Pieris larvae nor from leaf juice of the plant. Their effect continued for more than five days. Mechanical damage or damage by other herbivorous insects had less effect on the parasitoid. Therefore, this plant likely produces volatile chemicals to help the parasitoid attack the Pieris larvae.However, what the plant gains by attracting the parasitoids is not immediately obvious. When the Pieris larvae are killed by the parasitoid, their feeding activities have completely finished. Thus, it is not directly beneficial for the plant to help the parsitoid attack the larvae by paying the cost of producing attractive chemicals.Nearby conspecific plants of R.indica seems to be kin plants each other. Therefore, if butterflies grown on those plants by eggs on the nearby plants, genes of the plants responsible for helping the parasitoid parasitized will be favoured by natural selection. Each of the three Pieris species has effective avoidance/defense mechanisms against C.glomerata. Such mechanisms may well be the result of co-operation between plant and parasitoid. We attempted to interpret that plant R.indica damaged by larvae of Pieris butterfly species has evolved to produce some volatile chemicals attracting the parasitoid C.cotesia.

雌性盘绒茧蜂Cotesia glomerata（L.）绒茧蜂Apanteles glomeratus L.，一种专门寄生粉蝶幼虫的拟寄生蜂，被三种粉蝶属植物粉蝶幼虫，粉蝶属植物Rorippa indica（L）Hieron，P. napiL.和P. napiL.挥发性化学物质既不是从粉蝶幼虫的唾液中散发出来的，也不是从植物的叶汁中散发出来的。它们的效果持续了五天多。机械伤害或其他植食性昆虫的伤害对寄生蜂的影响较小。因此，该植物可能会产生挥发性化学物质，帮助寄生蜂攻击粉蝶幼虫。然而，植物通过吸引寄生蜂获得的好处并不明显。当粉蝶幼虫被寄生蜂杀死时，其取食活动已完全结束。因此，植物通过产生引诱剂来帮助寄生蜂攻击幼虫并没有直接的好处。印度杜鹃的近同种植物似乎是亲缘植物。因此，如果蝴蝶通过在附近植物上产卵而生长在这些植物上，那么负责帮助寄生的寄生虫的植物基因将受到自然选择的青睐。三种粉蝶都有有效的回避/防御机制对C. glomerata。这种机制很可能是植物和寄生蜂之间合作的结果。我们试图解释，植物R.印度损坏的幼虫粉蝶种已演变为产生一些挥发性化学物质吸引寄生虫C. cotesia。