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A Historical Study on the Conditions and Possibility of the Development of Liberal Democracy in Post-Reform Russia

改革后俄罗斯自由民主发展条件与可能性的历史研究

基本信息

批准号：
04620033
负责人：
TAKENAKA Yutaka
金额：
$ 1.02万
依托单位：
Osaka University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1992
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1992 至 1994
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-04620033/
关键词：
Russia liberalism nobility the Great Reforms political development 官僚制

项目摘要

Though the Imperial Government attempted to use landed nobles to improve the poor conditions existing in the local administration and the peasant control mechanisms in the post-reform era, Russia's nobles proved incapable of fulfillling such tasks. The corporate institutions of the noble estate and zemstvo institutions did not have the power to create a new stratum of independent social leaders in the countryside. The government did not want the formation of independent social forces in the early stage of modernization. Neither did landed nobles themselves appear willing or able to form a new political class. As they became increasingly preoccupied with their own narrow interests, their historical role weakened, and was finally entirely submerged in the October Revolution.Russia's nobility was too weak to emerge as a political class and coordinate conflicting interests in the countryside. They were really no less isolated than the state officials from the peasantry --too isolated to influence the peasantry for common local interests. This helps to explain to a considerable extent some of the difficulties that the Russian society underwent in the process of political development in this period.It was after the rapid industrialization and the First Revolution that Russia started a new political life with the set-up of the Duma. This newly established political organ had to manage the sharp conflict of the society in great flux, which Japan had tackled after somewhat more practice and experience with representative government.It seems certain that the study of the Russian nobility is useful to elucidate various aspects that have been sufficiently noticed in the history of Imperial Russia, and that we, Japanese historians, might be able to use our knowledge regarding the Japanese modern period for deepending the understanding of the Russian nobility and its role in Russia's political development.

虽然帝国政府试图利用地主贵族来改善后改革时代地方行政和农民控制机制中存在的恶劣条件，但事实证明，俄罗斯的贵族们无法完成这一任务。贵族庄园的企业机构和Zemstvo机构没有权力在农村建立一个新的独立社会领袖阶层。政府不希望在现代化初期形成独立的社会力量。地主贵族本身似乎也不愿意或有能力组建一个新的政治阶层。随着他们越来越专注于自己的狭隘利益，他们的历史作用被削弱，最终完全淹没在十月革命中。俄罗斯的贵族太弱了，无法成为一个政治阶级，协调农村的利益冲突。他们确实和国家官员一样孤立于农民之中--他们太孤立了，不能为了共同的地方利益而影响农民。这在很大程度上解释了这一时期俄罗斯社会在政治发展过程中所经历的一些困难，是在快速工业化和第一次革命之后，随着杜马的成立，俄罗斯开始了新的政治生活。这个新成立的政治机构必须处理日本在更多的代议制政府实践和经验之后解决的瞬息万变的社会尖锐冲突。似乎可以肯定的是，对俄罗斯贵族的研究有助于阐明帝国俄罗斯历史上被充分重视的各个方面，而我们日本史学家或许能够利用我们对日本近代时期的了解，加深对俄罗斯贵族及其在俄罗斯政治发展中的作用的了解。