ADAM SMITH'S THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT : A THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL REINTERPRETATION OF TEH WEALTH OF NATIONS

对《国富论》中亚当·斯密经济发展理论的重新解读，经过三年的研究工作，可以得出三点结论。首先，尽管斯密关于工业自然平衡的基本概念甚至在《法理学讲座》(A)中就已经清晰地出现了，但他对价格与数量之间的关系的理解仍然是非常静态的；价格高是因为数量多，反之亦然。其次，斯密的劳动价值价格理论必然具有三重结构，因为作为价值尺度和价值价格理论基础的价值价格理论由三个不同的术语组成；劳动、金钱（白银）和谷物。劳动是任何时代、任何地方唯一普遍的价值尺度，但它太抽象了，一般人无法理解。货币（银币）只有在同一时间和地点才是准确的价值尺度，而在遥远的时间和地点，玉米是比货币（银币）更好的价值尺度，因为同样数量的玉米在任何时间和地点都能维持几乎等量的劳动。第三，经济增长的资金量最终取决于维持的劳动力为市场带来的产品所能维持的劳动力数量的边际。因此，经济增长最快、最可靠的途径是将资本和劳动力用于种植玉米，因为玉米的能量转换效率在所有农作物中是最高的。很难相信重农主义者对玉米能量转换效率的认识能像史密斯那样深刻而清晰。

Three points can be cited as the result of three years research work on reinterpretation of Adam Smith's Theory of Economic Development in The Wealth of Nations.First, although Smith's basic concept of the natural balance of industry already appeares clearly even in Letures on Jurisprudence (A), he still has a very static understanding of the relation between the price and the volume of things ; the high price of things is the result of their much volume, and vice versa.Second, Smith's labor theory of value and price must have a triplicated structure, because the measure of value, the foundation of the value and price theory consists of three different terms ; labor, money (silber) and corn. Labor is the only universal measure of value at all times and places, but it is too abstract for ordinary people to understand. Money (silber) is the accurate measure or value only at the same time and place, and corn is the better measure of value than money (silber) at long distant times and places because the same quantities of corn can maintain at every time and place the nearly equal quantities of labor.Third, the volume of fund for economic growth ultimately depends on the margin of quantities of labor which can be maintaind by the produce that the maintained labor brings to the market. The fastest and most certain road to economic growth, therefore, is to employ capital and labor in growing corn, whose efficiency of energy conversion is the highest among all rude produce of land. It is hard to believe that the Physiocrats had an idea of corn's efficiency of energy conversion as deeply and clearly as Smith.