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The Historical Development of the Jurisdictional Immunity of Public Ships

公共船舶管辖豁免的历史发展

基本信息

批准号：
06620021
负责人：
SUGIHARA Takane
金额：
$ 1.02万
依托单位：
KYOTO UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1994
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1994 至 1995
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The present research has examined the historical development of jurisdictional immunity of State-owned ships. As to warships, a principle has firmly maintained since the classical decision of the Schooner Exchange v.McFaddon in 1812(11U.S.(7 Cranch) 116) that a warship benefits the absolute immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. The principle has, up to date, never questioned by any national or international court. This principle used to be equally applied, in former times, to State-owned vessels other than warships, including those used for the purpose of ordinary trade. As the commercial activities of governments by using their vessels largely developed after the First World War, a serious question arose whether the jurisdictional immunity should still be extended to such government ships, which were engaged in commerce. The purpose of the immunity of State-owned vessels was, originally, to safeguard the equality and dignity of a foreign State, and not to put it into an economic advantage in a competition with private shipowners. Thus, after the Second World War there is a wide-spread tendency both in the decisions of courts and in the views of international lawyers to deny immunity to State-owned or operated ships when the ships are engaged in ordinary trade. It is submitted that the development of the immunity of public ships has exerted a considerable impact upon that of the general principle of sovereign immunity under international law : the latter's main trend also moved from the classical or absolute theory to the newer or restrictive one after the Second World War.

本研究考察了国有船舶管辖豁免的历史发展。至于军舰，自1812年Schooner Exchange诉McFaddon案的经典判决以来，一项原则一直得到坚定的维护（11 U.S.（7 Cranch）116），军舰享有船旗国以外任何国家管辖的绝对豁免。迄今为止，这一原则从未受到任何国家或国际法院的质疑。这一原则过去同样适用于军舰以外的国有船舶，包括用于普通贸易目的的船舶。第一次世界大战后，政府使用船只进行商业活动的情况大为发展，因此出现了一个严重的问题，即司法管辖豁免是否仍应扩大到从事商业活动的政府船只。国有船舶豁免的目的本来是为了维护外国的平等和尊严，而不是为了在与私人船东的竞争中获得经济优势。因此，在第二次世界大战之后，法院的裁决和国际律师的观点都普遍倾向于拒绝给予从事普通贸易的国有或国有经营的船舶豁免权。本文认为，公务船舶豁免的发展对国际法上主权豁免的一般原则产生了相当大的影响：第二次世界大战后，主权豁免的主要趋势也从古典的或绝对的理论转向了较新的或限制性的理论。