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THE PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN INTERVENTION POLICIES

美国对外干预政策的原则

基本信息

批准号：
06620053
负责人：
OTSURU Chieko
金额：
$ 0.9万
依托单位：
OSAKA KYOIKU UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1994
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1994 至 1995
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This research focuses on the U.S.foreign intervention policies since the failure of Vietnam War. The analysis of the principles for the decision-making of foreign intervention aims to clarify the characteristics of U.S.foreign policy commonly observed during and after the Cold War.The intervention policies are grouped into three categories : military intervention, covert operations, and foreign aid. For each category, necessary conditions and satisfactory conditions for launching intervention are analyzed. Along with the evaluation of intervention as foreign policy, the domestic political process leading to the decision of intervention is also studied.The characteristics of U.S.foreign intervention during the Cold War was the predominant influence of anti-communism. Once the threat of communism was proven, that made the necessary conditions for intervention, and domestic support as satisfactory conditions almost automatically followed through. Especially in the category of foreign aid, … More strategic purposes took precedence over other purposes, which in some cases deprived the policy makers of the chance to rectify the policy direction even if the policy was to turn out to be a failure in a long run. The United States regarded itself as a "special nation, " and thus identified the value of the recipient countries with its own value, seeing them as its own mirror image.The end of the Cold War removed the overwhelming threat of the Soviet Union from the consideration, and the principles of U.S.intervention seemed to become relative. However, a new, moralistic meaning is added to the concept of democracy by the United States as the only remaining superpower, and democracy is to play the similer role as anti-communism during the Cold War as an absolute value. Such tendency amplifies its effect as the U.S.emphasizes the cooperative actions along with the international organizations or collective organizations rather than on its own, given the limited financial and political resources availabe for foreign intervention.One of the factors preventing the United States from making its value relative is the less-than-enough influence the domestic pluralistic democracy has over the foreign policy making. The principles of foreign intervention are, in the end, the reflections of the principles of domestic political process. Less

本研究重点关注越南战争失败以来美国的对外干预政策。对对外干预决策原则的分析旨在厘清冷战期间及冷战后美国外交政策的普遍特征。干预政策分为军事干预、秘密行动和对外援助三类。针对每一类，分析了开展干预的必要条件和满足条件。在对干预作为外交政策进行评价的同时，还对导致干预决策的国内政治过程进行了研究。冷战时期美国对外干预的特点是反共主义影响占主导。一旦共产主义的威胁得到证实，就为干预创造了必要的条件，而国内支持作为令人满意的条件几乎自动随之而来。特别是在对外援助领域，战略目的高于其他目的，这在某些情况下剥夺了政策制定者纠正政策方向的机会，即使政策从长远来看是失败的。美国将自己视为“特殊国家”，将受援国的价值与自己的价值等同起来，将其视为自己的镜像。冷战的结束将苏联的压倒性威胁排除在外，美国的干预原则似乎变得相对起来。然而，美国作为仅存的超级大国，给民主概念增添了新的道德意义，民主就是以绝对价值的方式扮演冷战时期反共的角色。由于美国可用于外国干预的财政和政治资源有限，因此强调与国际组织或集体组织的合作行动，而不是单独行动，这种倾向放大了其影响。阻碍美国价值相对化的因素之一是国内多元民主对外交政策制定的影响力不够。外国干预的原则归根结底是国内政治进程原则的反映。较少的