THE PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN INTERVENTION POLICIES

本文主要研究越南战争失败后美国的对外干涉政策。对美国对外干预决策原则的分析旨在阐明冷战期间和冷战后美国对外政策的特点，将美国的对外干预政策分为军事干预、秘密行动和对外援助三大类。针对每一类，分析了发起干预的必要条件和满意条件。沿着对作为外交政策的干涉进行评价的同时，也研究了导致干涉决策的国内政治过程。一旦共产主义的威胁得到证实，这就为干预创造了必要的条件，而国内支持作为令人满意的条件几乎自动地随之而来。特别是在对外援助方面， 关于我们 战略目的优先于其他目的，这在某些情况下剥夺了决策者纠正政策方向的机会，即使政策最终会失败。美国自认为是一个“特殊国家“，因而把受援国的价值等同于自己的价值，把受援国视为自己的镜像。冷战结束后，美国不再考虑苏联的压倒性威胁，美国的干预原则似乎也变得相对。但是，美国作为仅存的超级大国，给民主概念增加了一种新的道德意义，民主作为一种绝对价值，将扮演类似于冷战时期反共的角色。这种倾向放大了美国对外干预的效果，因为美国在财力和政治资源有限的情况下，更强调与国际组织或集体组织的沿着合作，而不是单独行动。阻碍美国实现价值相对化的因素之一是美国国内多元民主对外交决策的影响力不足。外国干预的原则归根结底是国内政治程序原则的反映。少

This research focuses on the U.S.foreign intervention policies since the failure of Vietnam War. The analysis of the principles for the decision-making of foreign intervention aims to clarify the characteristics of U.S.foreign policy commonly observed during and after the Cold War.The intervention policies are grouped into three categories : military intervention, covert operations, and foreign aid. For each category, necessary conditions and satisfactory conditions for launching intervention are analyzed. Along with the evaluation of intervention as foreign policy, the domestic political process leading to the decision of intervention is also studied.The characteristics of U.S.foreign intervention during the Cold War was the predominant influence of anti-communism. Once the threat of communism was proven, that made the necessary conditions for intervention, and domestic support as satisfactory conditions almost automatically followed through. Especially in the category of foreign aid, … More strategic purposes took precedence over other purposes, which in some cases deprived the policy makers of the chance to rectify the policy direction even if the policy was to turn out to be a failure in a long run. The United States regarded itself as a "special nation, " and thus identified the value of the recipient countries with its own value, seeing them as its own mirror image.The end of the Cold War removed the overwhelming threat of the Soviet Union from the consideration, and the principles of U.S.intervention seemed to become relative. However, a new, moralistic meaning is added to the concept of democracy by the United States as the only remaining superpower, and democracy is to play the similer role as anti-communism during the Cold War as an absolute value. Such tendency amplifies its effect as the U.S.emphasizes the cooperative actions along with the international organizations or collective organizations rather than on its own, given the limited financial and political resources availabe for foreign intervention.One of the factors preventing the United States from making its value relative is the less-than-enough influence the domestic pluralistic democracy has over the foreign policy making. The principles of foreign intervention are, in the end, the reflections of the principles of domestic political process. Less