A Study on The post-earthquake international assistance for the enhancement of its effectiveness

首先，我们收集了两类灾害数据，即：(1)从应急到重建阶段的响应与重建；(2)过去地震灾害的国际援助。1972年尼加拉瓜马那瓜地震、1976年中国唐山地震和1992年土耳其埃尔津詹地震的响应和重建数据。援助数据收集自1988年亚美尼亚斯皮塔克地震、1992年土耳其埃尔津詹地震和1995年兵库根南布地震。然后，我们对收集到的数据进行了分析，以寻找改善灾害中的国际援助的方法。我们对受灾地区灾后活动的进展情况，从紧急反应到长期重建，得出了一个大致的概念，以便我们能够广泛地确定可能需要的国际援助。在一些灾害中，受灾地区需要10到20年的时间来完成住房、基础设施和公共设施的重建。捐助国可能会在长期恢复援助中找到机会。另一方面，我们根据收集到的数据审查了国际援助的实际状况。调查了参与援助活动的国家、援助类型（人力、物力或财政支持）以及提供援助与接受援助之间的关系。发现了若干趋势，例如接受国更愿意接受财政支助，而许多捐助国则提议提供人力资源。最后，我们讨论了“长期灾害援助”与区域发展援助之间可能存在的关系。向受影响地区提供发展援助可能是一种可以接受的灾害援助形式，捐助国可以从中找到许多机会，而受援国可以接受地处理这种需要。

We, first, collected two types of disaster data, namely : (1) Response and reconstruction for the period from emergency to reconstruction phase ; (2) International assistance in past earthquake disasters. Response and reconstruction data were collected from the 1972 Nicaragua, Managua earthquake, the 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake, and the 1992 Erzincan, Turkey earthquake. Assistance data were collected from the 1988 Spitak, Armenia earthquake, the 1992 Erzincan, Turkey earthquake, and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake.We, then, analyzed the collected data to find ways for the improvement of international assistance in a disaster.We derived a generic idea for the progress of post-disaster activities in a affected area, ranging from emergency response to long-term rehabilitation, so that we were able to broadly identify possible needs for international assistance. In some disasters, affected areas needed a period of 10 to 20 years to complete their rebuilding of dwellings, infrastructures, and public facilities. Donating countries may find their opportunities in the assistance of long-term recovery.On the other hand, we examined the actual state of international assistance on the basis of the collected data. Countries involved in assisting activities, types of assistance (in terms of : human, material, or financial support), and the relationship between the offer of assistance and its acceptance were investigated. Several tendencies, such as the fact that receiving countries prefer to accept financial support, while many donating countries proposed human resources, were found out.We, finally, discussed possible relationship between "long-term disaster assistance" and assistance for regional development. Development assistance for an affected area may be an acceptable form of disaster assistance, in which donating countries can find many opportunities and receiving countries can acceptably handle the need.