Tell Ushayer: A Late Bronze Age Fortress in North Jordan

在约旦北部伊尔比德附近的Tell Ushayer，一项考古试点研究为青铜和铁器时代晚期的一个非常有趣的建筑结构提供了证据。在它的高原上，泰尔被一个巨大的圆形防御墙包围着。石墙围成的聚落面积只有0.6公顷。这就是为什么这个地方被解释为一个堡垒，而不是一个自然生长的定居点。陶器证据强调了这种解释，这些证据表明在青铜时代晚期之前没有职业。相反，一切都支持在人工抬高的约14米高的地基上建造严格规划的堡垒。该项目旨在调查Tell Ushayer上堡垒的建筑历史和建筑布局，包括其内部占用，直到早期铁器时代遗址倒塌。它讨论了该遗址在区域发展和大规模关系背景下的相关性和功能，这些关系塑造了青铜时代晚期国际化和全球化时期的图景。通过体量建筑分析，堡垒建筑背后的能量将被计算出来，以便在当代规划策略和控制层次的背景下，为劳动力和时间之间的关系建立可测量的参数。该遗址在早期铁器时代晚期被遗弃的原因，以及在铁器时代II中断后重新安置的原因，最终推动了对青铜时代晚期政治制度崩溃后社会发展及其物化的研究视角，直到希腊化时代。

An archaeological pilot study at Tell Ushayer, close to Irbid in North Jordan, has brought to light evidence for an extremely interesting architectural structure of the Late Bronze and Iron Age. On its plateau, the Tell is surrounded by a monumental circular fortification wall. The stone wall encloses a settlement area of about only 0.6ha. That is why the site rather is interpreted as a fortress than a naturally grown settlement. This interpretation is stressed by pottery evidence, which indicates no occupation prior to the Late Bronze Age. Instead, everything speaks in favor of a strictly planned fortress construction erected on an artificially raised substratum of about 14m height.The project aims to investigate the building history and the architectural layout of the fortress on Tell Ushayer including its intramural occupation until the collapse of the site in the Early Iron Age. It discusses the relevance and the function of the site in the context of regional developments and large-scale relations, which shape the picture of an internationalized and globalized period in the Late Bronze Age. By means of a volumetric architectural analysis, the energy behind the construction of the fortress will be calculated in order to establish measurable parameters for the relation between labor and time in the context of contemporary strategies of planning and hierarchies of control. The reasons for the abandonment of the site in an advanced phase of the Early Iron Age and its resettlement after a hiatus during the Iron Age II, finally drives the research perspectives towards social developments and their materializations after the collapse of the Late Bronze Age political systems until Hellenistic times.