Resolving intricate taxonomies by using type material, Hyb-Seq and geometric morphometrics. – A proof-of-concept from the nasty Xanthium L.

分类学是系统生物学的重要基石。产生可靠的分类是特别具有挑战性的复合体中，形态和/或遗传分化是没有实质性的谱系。在这些复杂的，相互矛盾的分类经常被提出和分类名称递归misapplication.The本项目的目的是建立一个概念性的工作流程，划定连贯的进化谱系在复杂的分类组，使用植物标本材料（包括类型），基因组学（Hyb-Seq）和几何形态测量学，沿着与聚结为基础的物种划界方法。在分析中包括命名类型将极大地促进分类评估，加速命名工作。我们将在Xanthium上测试工作流程，Xanthium是向日葵科的一个形态复杂的属。苍耳属的几个谱系现在有一个世界性的分布，使得不可能完成一个全面的系统发育研究的基础上，完全实地收集。我们将使用大约240个标本（大部分是植物标本），详尽地涵盖了该属两个复杂复合体（即，副艇长orientale complex和X. spinosum s.l.）。将使用“菊科COS诱饵试剂盒”，通过Hyb-Seq技术收集基因组数据。叶的形状和布尔斯的特征（即，雌性头状花序）将用于几何形态测定分析。使用综合方法（能够同时分析遗传和表型数据），我们将划定连贯的进化谱系。最后，由于在分析中包含了模式标本，我们将把谱系与分类学名称联系起来。与SPP计划的其他项目合作，我们将致力于在非常不同的分类组（如植物和动物）中对这些工作流程进行方法学综合。

Taxonomy is an important cornerstone of systematic biology. Producing reliable taxonomies is particularly challenging in complexes in which morphological and/or genetic differentiation is not substantial among lineages. In these complexes, contradicting taxonomies have been often proposed and taxonomic names are recursively misapplied.The present project aims at setting up a conceptual workflow for delimiting coherent evolutionary lineages in intricate taxonomic groups, using herbarium material (including types), phylogenomics (Hyb-Seq) and geometric morphometrics, along with coalescent-based species delimitation approaches. The inclusion of name-bearing types in the analyses will tremendously facilitate taxonomic assessments, accelerating nomenclatural work.We are going to test the workflow on Xanthium, a morphologically intricate genus of the sunflower family. Several lineages of Xanthium nowadays have a cosmopolitan distribution, making impossible the completion of a comprehensive phylogenetic study based solely on field-collections. We are going to employ approximately 240 specimens (in a large part herbarium material), exhaustively covering the whole geographic distribution and morphological diversity registered in two intricate complexes of the genus (i.e., the X. orientale complex and X. spinosum s.l.). Genomic data will be gathered with Hyb-Seq techniques, using the "Asteraceae COS baits kit". Leaf shape and traits of the burs (i.e., the female capitula) will be used in geometric morphometric analyses. Using integrative approaches (capable to simultaneously analyse genetic and phenotypic data) we are going to delimit coherent evolutionary lineages. Finally, we will link lineages to taxonomic names, thanks to the inclusion of type material in the analyses. In collaboration with other projects of the SPP program, we will work towards a methodological synthesis of such workflows in very different taxonomic groups (such as plants and animals).