Theoretical and Empirical Study regarding the Quantitative Analysis and Public Policy on the Private Nonprofit Sector

这项研究项目回顾了日本非营利部门的公共政策方面，包括该部门的规模和结构、收入结构、税收和法律法规，并进而分析了有关因素的最新数据，如捐赠和志愿、与企业和政府的合作，以及教育和研究、文化和体育、社会服务、医疗保健、国际活动、倡导、环境、宗教、政治活动等子部门。捐赠和志愿服务变量的估计和监管参数的量化评估是基于通过全国范围内关于捐赠和志愿服务的调查收集的详细数据和丰富的微观数据。通过调查收集的微观数据，对个人捐赠减税的影响进行了计量经济学估计，并讨论了政策含义；考察了社会资本的概念及其积累、量化、区域分布、社会经济影响和相关政策途径；通过文献调查和实地考察，对19个外国非营利部门和民间社会的现状、历史背景、特征、制度和政策进行了比较研究。这项研究揭示了阿富汗、越南和南非等在日本鲜为人知的国家的公民社会。还利用州级数据对美国非营利活动密度的差异进行了量化分析。在四年的研究期间，通过出版22本书、75份学术期刊出版物和50次学术会议报告，努力宣传成果和告知社会。

This research project reviews the public policy aspects of the Japanese nonprofit sector, which include scale and structure of the sector, revenue structure, taxation and legal regulations, and proceeds to analyze the latest data on factors such as giving and volunteering, cooperation with businesses and with government, as well as sub-sectors like the education and research, culture and sports, social services, health care, international activities, advocacy, environment, religion, political activities.Giving and volunteering variables are estimated and regulating parameters are quantitatively assessed on the basis of detailed data collected through a nation-wide survey on giving and volunteering and rich micro-data. The impact of tax deduction from individual giving was estimated econometrically using micro data collected through our own survey, and policy implications were discussed.The concept of social capital (social structure characterized by network, trust and social norms of reciprocity) examined and its accumulation, quantification, regional distribution, socio-economic impact and related policy approaches are analyzed using prefectural and municipal data.A comparative study of the current conditions, historical background, characteristics, institutions and policies of 19 foreign nonprofit sectors and civil societies have been undertaken through literature surveys and fieldwork. This study has shed light on the civil societies of countries like Afghanistan, Vietnam, and South Africa which have been little known in Japan. Quantitative analysis on the differences in the density of American nonprofit activity was also undertaken, using state-level data.Throughout the four-year period of research, efforts at publicizing results and informing society have been made through the publication of 22 books, 75 academic journal publications, and 50 academic conference presentations.