A Comparative Industrial Organization Approach to the Nonprofit Sector

本研究从产业组织的角度，全面分析了公益性基金会、私立公益性学校、民间团体、捐赠、志愿服务等公益性部门的发展。1995年，在日本西部和科比发生大地震后，由于日本的经济发展，产业组织的发展受到了影响。非营利活动在普通公民以及政策制定者和研究人员中引起了极大的关注。在第一年，我们调查了非营利、营利和公共服务提供者的角色，以及他们如何在同一市场中相互竞争。我们还调查了非营利组织的角色随着时间的推移如何变化。关于子行业，我们在第二年调查了卫生和老年人护理行业，第三年调查了文化和教育行业。我们揭示了私立学校在教育部门中不断变化的角色，以及营利性医院在医疗保健市场中可能发挥的作用。在第四年，我们调查了各种社会服务提供者的主要组织形式，以及在主要工业化国家中私人非营利组织的典型份额。总之，我们发现，非营利组织发挥了越来越多的作用，在日本以及其他发达国家和发展中国家的各种社会服务部门中发挥重要作用。这项研究的一些重要政策含义是：（a）为了加强日本非营利组织的财务结构，有必要进行税收改革，以加强捐赠激励;（B）政府和非营利组织的伙伴关系将有利于更有效地提供社会服务，（三）不同股权结构的服务提供者之间的公平竞争相当重要。

This research provides a comprehensive industrial organization analysis of the development of the nonprofit sector, encompassing such entities as grant-making foundations, private nonprofit schools, grass-root non-governmental organizations, donations and volunteering.In the aftermath of the Great Hanshin Earthquake that hit the city of Kobe and the western part of Japan in 1995, nonprofit activities have gained a great deal of attention among ordinary citizens, as well as policy makers and researchers.In the first year we investigated the roles of nonprofit, for-profit and public service providers, and how they compete one another in the same market. We also investigated how the roles of nonprofit organizations changed overtime.As for sub-sectors, we investigated health and elderly care sectors in the second year, and culture and education sectors in the third year. We shed some lights on the changing role of private schools in the education sector, and the possible roles of for-profit hospitals in the health care market.In the fourth year we investigated what the dominant organizational forms of providers of various social services are, and what typical shares of private nonprofit providers are in the major industrialized countries.In sum we founded that the nonprofit organizations have played more and more important roles in the various social service sectors in Japan as well as other developed and developing countries.Some of the important policy implications of this research are: (a) tax reforms to put stronger incentive to donate are necessary to strengthen the financial structure of the Japanese nonprofits, (b) government and nonprofit partnership would be fruitful to provide social services more efficiently, (c) fair competition among service providers with different ownership structures is quite important.