Comparative Study of Strategies and Inequalities concerning Resources under the Provincial Autonomy in contemporary Madagascar

该项目的五名研究成员在2002年至2006年期间，在马达加斯加以及法国、毛里求斯、留尼汪岛和马来西亚等与马达加斯加人民有着长期历史和政治经济联系的国家和地区进行了实地调研。2002年，在马达加斯加，新总统击败了因总统选举而计划和执行所谓的“省级自治”新秩序的现任总统。然而，共和国新任总统也继承了这一省级自治政策。此外，他还奉行基于新自由主义的经济政策。由于这些政治和经济原因，社会贫富分化加剧，生存斗争更加激烈，在这种政治和经济条件下，马达加斯加人民创造了并正在创造新的获取和分配各种资源的生存战略。THA…更多的是“特别的”和“琐碎的”。这两个词描述和解释了生活在城市地区或省级地区的当代马达加斯加人的生活方式。如果我们能用一个法语单词，我们会把这种生活方式表达为“bricolage”。“bricolage”这个词对人类学家来说是如此的著名和熟悉。正是列维-施特劳斯在他的作品中使用了这个词作为技术术语。我们使用这个术语并不遵循列维-施特劳斯的术语。我们使用“砖瓦”一词并不涉及人类的思维方式，而是每一个马达加斯加人在日常生活中所实行的一种具体的生活方式。从现代经济学的观点来看，这样的生活方式可以被估计为消极的。然而，从每个谋生的人的角度，特别是从一个没有资本的人的角度来看，不坚持某一特定的生产或不参与一项单一的收入是非常重要和有用的。当今的政治和经济形势是如此不可靠和不稳定，以至于每个人都必须找到并利用自己周围存在的一切可能成为小商品的可能性。这一生存战略只是马达加斯加人能够获得的手工资源。即使是政府官员也不能摆脱这种自给自足的经济风格。我们想坚持一点。也就是说，马达加斯加人民周围的每一种情况都不是稳定和多变的，如果不能为每个人控制或管理这种情况，就必须由每个人提供与各种情况相对应的生活的潜力和多样性。我们有理由认为，由于这种生存战略，马达加斯加人民偏爱生产小商品。较少

We, five research members of this project, have done field work researches in Madagascar and in those countries and areas which have had long historical and politico-economical relations with Malagasy peoples such as France, Mauritius, La Reunion and Malaysia during the term of this project from 2002 up to 2006.At 2002 in the Republic of Madagascar, the new president defeated the incumbent president who has planned and enforced the new order so called "provincial autonomy" as a result of presidential election. However the new president of the Republic has also inherited this policy of provincial autonomy. And also he has embraced economic policy based on neo-liberalism. For these political and economical reasons, a cleavage in society between rich and poor has increased, and a struggle for subsistence has been more severe.Under these political and economical conditions, Malagasy peoples created and are creating new subsistence strategy on acquiring and allocating various resources. Tha … More t is "ad hoc" and "petty". These two words describe and explain the life-style of contemporary Malagasy peoples who live in urban areas or province areas. If we can use a French word, we would like to express this life-style as "bricolage". The word "bricolage" is so famous and so familiar to anthropologists. It is Levi-Strauss that has used this word as technical term in his works. Our use of this term doesn't follow the use of Levi-Strauss's one. Our use of the term "bricolage" doesn't concern the mode of human thoughts, but a concrete life-style which each Malagasy peoples carry out in their everyday lives. From the view point of modern economic, such a life-style may be estimated as negativeHowever from the view point of a n each person who contrives his or her subsistence, especially from the view point of a person who doesn't own his or her capital, it is very important and useful not to adhere a particular production or not to participate a single income. The up-to-date political and economic situations are so unreliable and unstable that each person must find and use every possibility of being petty commodity which exists around oneself. This subsistence strategy is only hand-made resource to which a Malagasy person is able to access. Even government officials also don't free from this style of subsistence economy. And we would like to insist one point. That is, every situation around Malagasy peoples is not stable and changeable, and if it is not to be able to control or manage that situation for each person, it is each person that must offer potentiality and multiplicity of life corresponds to various situations. It is valid for us to imagine Malagasy peoples' partiality for production of petty commodities as a result of this kind of subsistence strategy. Less