Comparative Study of Strategies and Inequalities concerning Resources under the Provincial Autonomy in contemporary Madagascar

在2002年至2006年的项目期间，我们，该项目的五名研究成员，在马达加斯加以及与马达加斯加人民有着长期历史和政治经济关系的国家和地区，如法国，毛里求斯，留尼汪岛和马来西亚进行了实地工作研究。新总统击败了现任总统，后者策划并实施了所谓的“省级自治”新秩序，作为总统选举的结果。然而，共和国新总统也继承了这一省级自治政策。他还接受了基于新自由主义的经济政策。由于这些政治和经济原因，社会贫富分化加剧，生存斗争更加激烈，在这些政治和经济条件下，马达加斯加人民创造并正在创造新的获取和分配各种资源的生存战略。Tha 关于我们 这是“特别”和“琐碎”。这两个词描述和解释了生活在城市地区或省份地区的当代马达加斯加人的生活方式。如果我们可以用一个法语单词来表达这种生活方式，我们想用“bricolage”来表达。“拼砌”这个词是如此著名，人类学家也是如此熟悉。正是列维-斯特劳斯在他的著作中把这个词作为一个专门术语使用。我们对这个术语的使用并不遵循列维-施特劳斯的术语。我们使用的术语“bricolage”并不涉及人类的思维模式，但每个马达加斯加人在日常生活中进行的具体生活方式。从现代经济学的观点来看，这种生活方式可能被认为是消极的，但是从每个人的角度来看，特别是从一个没有自己资本的人的角度来看，不坚持一种特定的生产或不参与一种单一的收入是非常重要和有益的。当今的政治和经济形势是如此的不可靠和不稳定，以至于每个人都必须找到并利用存在于自己周围的每一种成为小商品的可能性。这种生存战略只是马达加斯加人能够获得的手工制作的资源。即使是政府官员也没有摆脱这种自给自足的经济模式。我们要坚持一点。也就是说，马达加斯加人民周围的每一种情况都不是稳定和多变的，如果它不能控制或管理每个人的情况，那么每个人都必须提供与各种情况相对应的生活的潜力和多样性。我们可以想象，由于这种生存战略，马达加斯加人民对小商品生产的渴望是有道理的。少

We, five research members of this project, have done field work researches in Madagascar and in those countries and areas which have had long historical and politico-economical relations with Malagasy peoples such as France, Mauritius, La Reunion and Malaysia during the term of this project from 2002 up to 2006.At 2002 in the Republic of Madagascar, the new president defeated the incumbent president who has planned and enforced the new order so called "provincial autonomy" as a result of presidential election. However the new president of the Republic has also inherited this policy of provincial autonomy. And also he has embraced economic policy based on neo-liberalism. For these political and economical reasons, a cleavage in society between rich and poor has increased, and a struggle for subsistence has been more severe.Under these political and economical conditions, Malagasy peoples created and are creating new subsistence strategy on acquiring and allocating various resources. Tha … More t is "ad hoc" and "petty". These two words describe and explain the life-style of contemporary Malagasy peoples who live in urban areas or province areas. If we can use a French word, we would like to express this life-style as "bricolage". The word "bricolage" is so famous and so familiar to anthropologists. It is Levi-Strauss that has used this word as technical term in his works. Our use of this term doesn't follow the use of Levi-Strauss's one. Our use of the term "bricolage" doesn't concern the mode of human thoughts, but a concrete life-style which each Malagasy peoples carry out in their everyday lives. From the view point of modern economic, such a life-style may be estimated as negativeHowever from the view point of a n each person who contrives his or her subsistence, especially from the view point of a person who doesn't own his or her capital, it is very important and useful not to adhere a particular production or not to participate a single income. The up-to-date political and economic situations are so unreliable and unstable that each person must find and use every possibility of being petty commodity which exists around oneself. This subsistence strategy is only hand-made resource to which a Malagasy person is able to access. Even government officials also don't free from this style of subsistence economy. And we would like to insist one point. That is, every situation around Malagasy peoples is not stable and changeable, and if it is not to be able to control or manage that situation for each person, it is each person that must offer potentiality and multiplicity of life corresponds to various situations. It is valid for us to imagine Malagasy peoples' partiality for production of petty commodities as a result of this kind of subsistence strategy. Less