scanning probe microscope with surface preparation for spectroscopy of quantum excitations

电子元件的不断小型化已经达到了极限，量子物理和许多身体效应变得越来越重要。缩小的设备尺寸带来了奇异的电子效应，这些效应受到飞秒到皮秒时间尺度和仅几纳米长度尺度上的强烈波动的影响。一般来说，大多数材料的性质是由电子之间的相互作用强度以及与晶格振动的相互作用强度决定的。然而，大多数这些现象的微观描述是缺乏和新的实验探针具有高的空间和时间分辨率是必要的。为了在微观水平上准确地研究这些相互作用，我们提出了一种新的扫描探针显微镜系统，它可以测量具有原子空间和皮秒时间分辨率的量子激发：量子激发显微镜。为此，我们将结合具有超快电子和光学泵浦探测能力的扫描力显微镜和光学扫描近场显微镜。有了这种新的仪器，互补物理变量的随时间变化的波动可以在空间上解决（其中包括电荷分布，磁有序，电介质极化，以及电子，光子和磁激发的能量谱）。在同一个表面上对这些性质进行综合表征，将使人们能够接触到固态物理中的现象，而这在以前的实验范围内是没有的。量子激发显微镜将使相关电子系统中的金属-绝缘体跃迁及其特征涨落的空间分辨可视化。此外，新仪器将允许选择性地操纵这些具有缺陷和掺杂剂原子的相变的动力学。一个主要目标是构建原子结构的材料，并以高空间分辨率解析其中量子激发的超快动力学。超快扫描力显微镜与尖端增强拉曼光谱的结合使得能够在表面上组装原子定义的结构，这些结构可以用作新的量子传感器。典型的传感器应用包括检测纳米级的磁场和电场以及小的晶格畸变。此外，能量分辨激发光谱和时间分辨泵浦探测光谱的独特组合可以证明表面上自旋或电荷激发的量子力学纠缠。纠缠态如何通过扩展的原子和分子网络传播，以及如何在这样的系统中抑制退相干的重要问题仍然没有答案，将在这项工作中得到解决。为此，将开发具有长相干时间的自旋和电荷态可以存在的功能化表面，并将使用原子操纵来创建可以容纳纠缠态的单个结构。

The ongoing miniaturization of electronic components has reached a limit where quantum physics and many body effects become increasingly important. Shrinking device dimensions brings exotic, electronic effects with it that are governed by strong fluctuations on femto- to picosecond time scales and on length scales of only a few nanometers. In general, most material properties are determined by the interaction strength of electrons with each other and with lattice vibrations. However, a microscopic description for most of these phenomena is lacking and new experimental probes with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed. In order to examine exactly these interactions on a microscopic level, a new scanning probe microscope system is proposed, one that can measure quantum excitations with atomic spatial and picosecond time resolution: quantum excitation microscope.To this end, a scanning force microscope and an optical scanning near field microscope with ultrafast electronic and optical pump-probe capabilities will be combined. With this novel instrument, time-dependent fluctuations of complementary physical variables can be spatially resolved (among them are charge distribution, magnetic ordering, dielectric polarization, as well as energy spectroscopy of electronic, photonic and magnetic excitations). The comprehensive characterization of these properties all on the same surface will allow access to phenomenon in solid state physics, that have not been within the experimental scope before.The quantum excitation microscope will the spatially resolved visualization of metal-insulator transitions and their characteristic fluctuations in correlated electron systems. In addition, the new instrument will allow selective manipulation of the dynamics of these phase transitions with defects and dopant atoms.A major goal is to build atomically structured materials and to resolve the ultra-fast dynamics of quantum excitations therein with high spatial resolution. The combination of ultra-fast scanning force microscopy with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy enables the assembly of atomically defined structures on surfaces that can be used as new quantum sensors. Prototypical sensor applications include the detection of nanoscopic magnetic and electric fields as well as small lattice distortions.Moreover, the unique combination of energy-resolved excitation spectroscopy and time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy can demonstrate quantum mechanical entanglement of spin- or charge excitations on surfaces. The important questions of how entangled states propagate through extended atomic and molecular networks, and how decoherence could be suppressed in such systems are still unanswered and will be addressed in this work. To that end, functionalized surfaces on which spin- and charge states with long coherence times can exist will be developed, and atom manipulation will be used to create individual structures that can host entangled states.