Beyond Purple and Ivory ‒ An investigation of the Phoenician economy in their homeland based on agriculture and amphora production and distribution in southern Lebanon during the late Iron Age and Persian Period (ca 750‒350 BC)

该项目将提供新的见解，在腓尼基人的家园在铁器时代晚期和波斯时期的经济战略的基础上，使用多学科和多维的方法，景观和考古数据的严格分析。直到今天，主要是外部文本来源已被用于腓尼基经济的研究，导致很大程度上不完整的图片和一些误解。由于黎巴嫩的考古研究相对于周边地区要少得多，关键数据缺失，阻碍了制定区域一级解释框架的努力。在黎巴嫩南部的一个案例研究中，该项目试图通过以前所未有的规模雄心勃勃地收集和解释数据来纠正这种情况，使人们对腓尼基经济有了新的认识。本案例研究建立在三个目标：A.通过建立有关该地区地理和地质信息的详细数据库，评估农牧业生产及其组织的潜力。了解初级部门生产的组织，包括生产什么样的农牧产品以及如何加工。为了确定双耳瓶生产在农业生产中所起的作用，包括生产、分配和消费的组织。这些目标将通过对涉及景观分析、考古实地考察、植物和动物遗骸的分析，以及对双耳细颈瓶的宏观和考古分析。目标B包括在Tell el-Burak进行挖掘，对其腹地进行调查，以及对该遗址的原始人类遗迹进行科学研究，这将为我们提供有关农业战略和农产品加工的信息。目标C包括对来自研究区域内三个不同地点的腓尼基双耳瓶的大型语料库进行多学科分析，通过创新的考古测量方法进行调查，这将为我们提供有关腓尼基经济中双耳瓶生产，分配和消费的作用和规模的信息。该项目的结果将为黎凡特考古学提供急需的强大数据集，这些数据集将使用基于理论的经济模型进行解释，以了解腓尼基经济。这个项目的意义不仅限于黎凡特考古学。由于腓尼基人在地中海大部分地区的存在，大量学者急切地等待来自祖国的新研究结果，以将他们的数据纳入背景。

This project will provide new insights into economic strategies in the Phoenician homeland during the late Iron Age and Persian Period based on a rigorous analysis of landscape and archaeological data using a multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach.Until today, mainly external textual sources have been used for the study of the Phoenician economy leading to a largely incomplete picture and a number of misconceptions. As Lebanon has seen much less archaeological research relative to surrounding areas key pieces of data are missing hindering efforts to develop region-level explanatory frameworks. In a case study in southern Lebanon, this project attempts to rectify this situation through the ambitious collection and interpretation of data on an unprecedented scale, granting a new understanding of the Phoenician economy. This case study builds on three objectives:A. To assess the potential for agro-pastoral production and its organization through the building of a detailed database of information on the geography and geology of the area.B. To understand the organization of primary sector production including what kind of agro-pastoral goods were produced and how they were processed.C. To define the role amphora production played in relation to agricultural production regarding the organization of production, distribution and consumption.These objectives will be reached through the multidisciplinary analysis of diverse and robust datasets involving landscape analysis, archaeological fieldwork, analysis of plant and animal remains as well as macroscopic and archaeometric analyses of amphorae.Objective A will be reached through a landscape analysis combining remote sensing techniques, geological investigations and the results of the surveys, which will provide us with detailed insights into land potential and agricultural organization in the study area.Objective B consists of excavations at Tell el-Burak and a survey of its hinterland as well as the scientific study of primary human residue from this site, which will provide us with information on agricultural strategies and the processing of agricultural produce.Objective C includes the multidisciplinary analysis of a large corpus of Phoenician amphorae from three different sites within the study area combining typological investigations with an innovative archaeometric approach, which will provide us with information on the role and scale of amphorae production, distribution and consumption in the Phoenician economy.The results of this project will provide Levantine archaeology with much needed robust datasets, which will be interpreted using theory based economic models to gain an understanding of the Phoenician economy. The significance of this project is not limited to Levantine archaeology. Due to the presence of the Phoenicians in larger parts of the Mediterranean, a great number of scholars eagerly awaits new research results from the homeland to put their data into context.