TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: ISSUES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN MALAYSIA, INDONESIA, INDIA AND SRI LANKA

这项研究结束时是一个为期三年的项目，将印度、斯里兰卡、马来西亚和印度尼西亚的重点放在通过促进国外投资进行经济发展和技术转让的有关问题上。马来西亚和斯里兰卡的经济发展政策对外国投资相当开放，而印度和印度尼西亚的经济发展政策似乎有些“封闭”。这种政策的采取显示了东南亚和南亚的时间差，东南亚率先采取了这种政策。振兴停滞的经济部门和引进新的和更高水平的技术可以确定为推行这些政策的两个主要目标。从这些国家的角度来看，他们引入了各种具体的法律来处理来自国外的投资，并为外来投资者提供慷慨的“激励方案”。通过提供这些激励措施，他们有望“注销”急需的收入，这些收入通常可能以公司税或进出口税的形式收到。但是，除非在外国企业和当地企业之间建立牢固的联系，否则这些“费用”可能无法长期收回。建立这种联系的可能性可能取决于与当地公司相比的技术类型和水平。虽然目前发展中国家正在通过邀请国外的跨国公司来寻求高科技技术，但仅靠跨国公司在一个国家的存在可能无法确保技术将转移到当地社会。劳动可以被确定为与研究主题相关的另一个重要问题。像日本这样的投资国和相应的跨国公司已采取各种步骤，通过在当地和日本推行各种培训方案，协助提高当地劳动力的知识水平。此外，这些国家还启动了一些相互合作的项目。然而，与其他国家相比，今天可以确定这些国家之间的过度竞争吸引了越来越多的外国投资。由于这种过度竞争，每个国家都试图向潜在的外国投资者提供更好的激励措施，如果不妥善处理，最终可能会损失大量收入。除非东道国政府和进入的跨国公司对上述问题给予足够的重视，否则依赖外资的经济政策的可持续性就无法得到保证。因此，一个重要的问题仍然没有得到解决，即发展中国家在提供这种特别奖励方面所引起的费用在多大程度上已经收回。研究人员希望在未来的研究中解决这个问题。少

This study was concluded as a three-year project by focusing India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia on issues related to economic development and technology transfer through the promotion of investment from abroad. Economic development policies of Malaysia and Sri Lanka are quite open for foreign investment while those of India and Indonesia seem to be somewhat "closed". The adoption of such policies show a time difference between Southeast and South Asia and, the Southeast Asia had taken the lead.Vitalizing stagnant economic sectors and introducing new and higher levels of technologies may be identified as two of the major objectives of introducing these policies. From the points of view of these countries, they have introduced a variety of specific laws to deal with investment from abroad along with the provision of generous "incentive packages" for incoming foreign investors By offering these incentives, they are expected to "write-off" badly-needed earnings that may usually recei … More ve in the form of corporate taxes or import/export taxes. However, recovering of those "expenses" may not be made possible on the long term unless strong linkages between foreign and local enterprises are created. Possibilities for creating such linkages may depend on the type and level of technology when compared with those of the local firms. Though the developing countries nowadays are looking for hi-tech type technology by inviting TNCs from abroad, a mere presence of the TNCs in a country alone may not ensure that the technologies will be transferred to the local society. Labor can be identified as another important issue related to the research topic. Investor countries like Japan and corresponding TNCs have taken various steps to assisting for the knowledge upgrading of local labor through the introduction of various training programs, both locally and in Japan.Furthermore, these countries have initiated some programs to work collaboratively with each other. Nevertheless an excessive type of competition among these countries can be identified today for attracting more and more foreign investment compared to their counterparts. Due to such over-competition, each country have been trying to offer better incentives to prospective foreign investors which may ultimately end up with a loss of significant amount of income unless tackled properly. Sustainability of the foreign investment relied economic policies may not be ensured unless the host country governments as well as the incoming TNCs pay sufficient attention to the above issues. An important issue remains unanswered, therefore, as to what extent the costs incurred by the developing countries in providing such special incentives have been recovered. Researchers expect to address this issue in future studies. Less