Water Networks between Ecology and Economy: The intraregional and interregional interlinking of the city of Hangzhou via waterways from the Song to the Ming dynasties from microhistorical and macrohistorical perspectives

基于当前DFG项目的结果，以北方和南宋的杭州/林城市供水和西湖供水的生态和经济为微观历史重点，（960-1127，1127-1279），元（1279-1368），明（1368-1644）朝代，该项目的延续将扩大其指导问题。它将探讨杭州作为主要货物运输的区域内和区域间水道网络的中心，以便在宏观历史变化的更广泛背景下理解水资源管理依赖于生态和经济条件。杭州市位于大运河与浙江的交汇处，在北方宋时期成为一个贸易中心。由于浙江河口的逐渐淤积，需要另一条连接城市与大海的道路。因此，大运河的东北分支运河被用作连接甘浦和乍浦海港的通道，浙东运输运河被用作大运河到定海海港的延伸。从这些港口，水路通往其他沿海港口和海外。从内地来的运输经由浙江到达杭州。该项目将分析大都会和临时首都是如何通过供水网络的相互连接才能在经济上可行的，其中来自周边地区和其他地区的主要商品被进口。然而，城市的经济力量是基于从盈余赤字地区转运商品，导致这些地区的经济和生态反馈效应，并促进专业化和从粮食作物到经济作物的结构变化。此外，该项目还将揭示气候变化，特别是气候变冷，以及地缘政治优先事项的转移和王朝首都的后续搬迁，如何需要杭州的水网结构及其水文设施的适应。当女真征服华北后，大运河中断，长江下游以南地区的运输向南行驶，杭州从东南沿海地区的进口增加。元朝时期，由于大运河遭到战争破坏，通往北方的运输暂时改走海路。明代沿海运输受到限制，运河运输又得到了促进。对这些问题的研究，主要依据临安/杭州及其周边地区的地方志、对临安/杭州的民间描述、私人笔记以及包括清代原始资料在内的档案汇编，辅以地图、绘画和考古发现。

Based on the results of the present DFG project with a micro-historical focus on the ecology and economy of the water supply of the city of Hangzhou / Lin´ and from the West Lake (Xihu) in the Northern and Southern Song (960–1127, 1127–1279), Yuan (1279–1368), and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties, the continuation of the project will expand its guiding question. It will inquire into Hangzhou as the center of an intraregional and interregional network of waterways for the transportation of staple goods in order to comprehend water management as dependent on ecological and economic conditions in the wider context of macro-historical changes. Situated at the intersection of the Grand Canal with the Zhe River, the city of Hangzhou emerged as a trading hub during the Northern Song. Due to the progressive siltation of the estuary of the Zhe River, an alternative connection of the city to the sea was needed. Therefore, the northeastern branch canal of the Grand Canal was used as a link to the seaports of Ganpu and Zhapu and the Zhedong Transport Canal served as an extension of the Grand Canal to the seaport of Dinghai. From these ports, waterways led to other coastal ports and overseas. Transports from the interior reached Hangzhou via the Zhe River. The project will analyze how a metropolis and temporary capital was only viable in terms of economy by way of interlinkage of water networks where staple goods from the surrounding region and other regions were imported. Yet, the city’s economic power was based on the transshipment of commodities from surplus deficit regions, resulting in economic and ecological feedback effects in these regions and promoting specializations and structural change from food crops to cash crops there. Furthermore, the project will reveal how climate change, especially climatic cooling, and the shift of geopolitical priorities with follow-up relocation of dynastic capitals required the adaption of the structure of Hangzhou’s water networks and their hydrological facilities. When after the Jurchen conquest of North China the Grand Canal was disrupted, transports from the region south of the lower Yangzi travelled the other direction to the south and Hangzhou´s imports from regions on the southeast coast increased. During the Yuan, due to war damages on the Grand Canal, transports to the north were temporarily redirected on the sea route. When coastal transports were restricted during the Ming, vice versa, canal transports were promoted again The research on these questions is mainly based on the local gazetteers of Lin’an / Hangzhou and the regions linked with it, informal descriptions of the city, private notes, and archival compilations inclusive of Qing dynastic source material, supplemented by maps, paintings, and archeologic findings.