Analyses of awareness and structure-recovering processes in visual completion

尽管刺激信息部分丢失，但视觉系统可以完成丢失，并产生与完整信息相等的感知。在本研究中，视幻作为这种视觉补全效应的代表现象进行了深入的研究。当光栅的中心部分被不透明的遮挡物覆盖时，通过遮挡物连接光栅的顶部和底部部分，就可以感知到这些幻影。幻相错觉是一种独特的现象，它同时具有模态完成和模态完成的两个方面，为我们提供了一个很好的机会来共同研究它们。Kitaoka, Gyoba, & Kawabata（1999）发现，即使在光视觉中，当遮挡物亮度很低或很高时，低对比度诱导光栅也会产生幻像。这种新的补全现象被称为“光性幻影”。Brown, Gyoba, & May（已发表）揭示了幻象的产生具有全局图形保真度的斜i…More诱导光栅，而有序光栅的诱导效应取决于局部亮度的变化。Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, & Ohtsubo（1999）清楚地证明了1个月以下的婴儿，如果光栅的空间频率较低且遮挡器高度较窄，则可以感知到遮挡器后面光栅的延续。此外，Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, & Ohtsubo（出版中）表明，4个月大的婴儿可以在更宽的咬合下感知光栅的延续。然而，他们也发现光栅频率和遮挡物高度之间存在着对光栅连续感知的约束，并且这种约束是看到幻像错觉的共同属性。当两个物体重叠时，较厚的物体被感知到在较薄的物体前面。这种现象被称为彼得效应。Kitaoka, Gyoba, Sakurai, & Kawabata（出版中）指出Petter效应与幻相错觉的相似之处，幻相错觉在空间频率较低或遮挡物较薄时可见。如上所述，我们的幻像研究为建立视觉补全现象的综合解释提供了有希望的基础。少

In spite of partial loss of stimulus information, the vistual system can complete the loss and generate equivalent percepts to the case that complete information is given. In the present study, visual phantoms were intensively investigated as a representative phenomenon of such visual completion effects. The phantoms are perceived when a central portion of grating is covered up with an opaque occluder, connecting top and bottom section of the grating across the occluder. The phantom illusion is a unique phenomenon that has aspects of both modal completion and amodal completion, providing us with a good opportunity to investigate them together.Kitaoka, Gyoba, ＆ Kawabata (1999) found that low-contrast inducing gratings can produce phantoms even in photopic vision when the occluder luminance is quite low or high. This new type of completion phenomena is called "photopic phantoms". Brown, Gyoba, ＆ May (in press) revealed that phantoms are generated with global figural fidelity to oblique i … More nducing grating, while the ordinal grating induction effect occurs depending on local luminance changes. Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (1999) clearly demonstrated that infants under 1 month of age can perceive the continuation of the grating behind the occluder, if the spatial frequency of the grating is low and the occluder height is narrow. Furthermore, Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (in press) showed that 4 month-old infants can perceive the grating continuation under broader occluders. However, they also found that there is a constraint between grating frequency and occluder height for perceiving grating continuation, and that the constraint is a common property for seeing the phantom illusion. When two objects overlap, the thicker one is perceived in front of the thinner one. This phenomenon is called Petter's effect. Kitaoka, Gyoba, Sakurai, ＆ Kawabata (in press) pointed out similarities between Petter's effect and the phantom illusion, which is visible when the spatial frequency is low or the occluder is thin.As mentioned above, our phantom research provides a promising basis for building an integrative explanation of visual completion phenomena. Less