Analyses of awareness and structure-recovering processes in visual completion

尽管刺激信息部分丢失，视觉系统仍能完全丢失刺激信息，并产生与完全信息情况等价的知觉。在本研究中，视觉幻影被深入研究，作为这种视觉完成效应的代表现象。当光栅的中心部分被不透明的遮挡器覆盖时，可以感知幻影，遮挡器连接光栅的顶部和底部。幻影错觉是一种独特的现象，具有模态完成和非模态完成两个方面，为我们提供了一个很好的机会来研究它们。Kitaoka，Gyoba，& Kawabata（1999）发现，即使在明视中，当遮光器亮度很低或很高时，低对比度诱导光栅也会产生幻影错觉。这种新型的完成现象被称为“明视觉幻象”。Brown，Gyoba，& May（出版中）揭示了幻影是以全局图形保真度生成的， 关于我们 诱导光栅，而有序光栅诱导效应取决于局部亮度变化。Kawabata、Gyoba、Inoue和Ohtsubo（1999）清楚地证明，如果光栅的空间频率低并且遮挡器高度窄，则1个月以下的婴儿可以感知到遮挡器后面光栅的延续。此外，Kawabata，Gyoba，Inoue和Ohtsubo（出版中）表明，4个月大的婴儿可以在更宽的遮挡器下感知光栅的连续性。然而，他们还发现，光栅频率和遮挡器高度之间存在一个约束，用于感知光栅连续性，并且该约束是看到体模错觉的共同属性。当两个物体重叠时，较厚的一个被认为在较薄的一个前面。这种现象被称为Petter效应。Kitaoka，Gyoba，Sakurai，& Kawabata（出版中）指出了Petter效应和幻影错觉之间的相似性，当空间频率较低或遮挡物较薄时，幻影错觉是可见的。如上所述，我们的幻影研究为建立视觉完成现象的综合解释提供了有希望的基础。少

In spite of partial loss of stimulus information, the vistual system can complete the loss and generate equivalent percepts to the case that complete information is given. In the present study, visual phantoms were intensively investigated as a representative phenomenon of such visual completion effects. The phantoms are perceived when a central portion of grating is covered up with an opaque occluder, connecting top and bottom section of the grating across the occluder. The phantom illusion is a unique phenomenon that has aspects of both modal completion and amodal completion, providing us with a good opportunity to investigate them together.Kitaoka, Gyoba, ＆ Kawabata (1999) found that low-contrast inducing gratings can produce phantoms even in photopic vision when the occluder luminance is quite low or high. This new type of completion phenomena is called "photopic phantoms". Brown, Gyoba, ＆ May (in press) revealed that phantoms are generated with global figural fidelity to oblique i … More nducing grating, while the ordinal grating induction effect occurs depending on local luminance changes. Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (1999) clearly demonstrated that infants under 1 month of age can perceive the continuation of the grating behind the occluder, if the spatial frequency of the grating is low and the occluder height is narrow. Furthermore, Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (in press) showed that 4 month-old infants can perceive the grating continuation under broader occluders. However, they also found that there is a constraint between grating frequency and occluder height for perceiving grating continuation, and that the constraint is a common property for seeing the phantom illusion. When two objects overlap, the thicker one is perceived in front of the thinner one. This phenomenon is called Petter's effect. Kitaoka, Gyoba, Sakurai, ＆ Kawabata (in press) pointed out similarities between Petter's effect and the phantom illusion, which is visible when the spatial frequency is low or the occluder is thin.As mentioned above, our phantom research provides a promising basis for building an integrative explanation of visual completion phenomena. Less