Analyses of awareness and structure-recovering processes in visual completion

在部分信息丢失的情况下，视觉系统可以完成部分信息的丢失，并产生与完全信息给定情况下等价的感知。在本研究中，视觉幻影作为这种视觉完成效应的一种典型现象被深入研究。当格栅的中心部分被不透明的遮盖器覆盖时，通过遮盖器连接格栅的顶部和底部时，可以察觉到幻影。幻影错觉是一种独特的现象，它同时具有模式完成和非模式完成的两个方面，这为我们提供了一个很好的机会来一起研究它们。Kitaoka，Gyoba和Kawabata(1999)发现，即使在明视视觉中，当遮光器亮度很低或很高时，低对比度诱导光栅也可以产生幻象。这种新型的补全现象被称为“明视幻影”。布朗、乔巴和梅(在印刷中)透露，幻影是以全球形象逼真地斜向I…产生的感生栅数较多，而有序栅感应根据局部亮度的变化而发生。Kawabata，Gyoba，Inoue，&Ohtsubo(1999)清楚地证明，如果格栅的空间频率低，封堵器高度窄，1个月以下的婴儿可以感觉到格栅在封堵器后面的延续。此外，Kawabata、Gyoba、Inoue和Ohtsubo(正在出版)显示，4个月大的婴儿在更宽的封堵器下可以感觉到格栅的延续。然而，他们也发现，在感知光栅连续性时，在光栅频率和遮挡高度之间存在约束，并且该约束是看到幻影错觉的常见属性。当两个物体重叠时，较厚的物体会在较细的物体前面被察觉。这种现象被称为皮特效应。Kitaoka，Gyoba，Sakurai和Kawabata(正在出版)指出了Petter效应和幻影错觉之间的相似之处，幻影错觉在空间频率较低或遮挡层较薄时可见。如上所述，我们的幻影研究为建立对视觉完成现象的综合解释提供了一个有希望的基础。较少

In spite of partial loss of stimulus information, the vistual system can complete the loss and generate equivalent percepts to the case that complete information is given. In the present study, visual phantoms were intensively investigated as a representative phenomenon of such visual completion effects. The phantoms are perceived when a central portion of grating is covered up with an opaque occluder, connecting top and bottom section of the grating across the occluder. The phantom illusion is a unique phenomenon that has aspects of both modal completion and amodal completion, providing us with a good opportunity to investigate them together.Kitaoka, Gyoba, ＆ Kawabata (1999) found that low-contrast inducing gratings can produce phantoms even in photopic vision when the occluder luminance is quite low or high. This new type of completion phenomena is called "photopic phantoms". Brown, Gyoba, ＆ May (in press) revealed that phantoms are generated with global figural fidelity to oblique i … More nducing grating, while the ordinal grating induction effect occurs depending on local luminance changes. Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (1999) clearly demonstrated that infants under 1 month of age can perceive the continuation of the grating behind the occluder, if the spatial frequency of the grating is low and the occluder height is narrow. Furthermore, Kawabata, Gyoba, Inoue, ＆ Ohtsubo (in press) showed that 4 month-old infants can perceive the grating continuation under broader occluders. However, they also found that there is a constraint between grating frequency and occluder height for perceiving grating continuation, and that the constraint is a common property for seeing the phantom illusion. When two objects overlap, the thicker one is perceived in front of the thinner one. This phenomenon is called Petter's effect. Kitaoka, Gyoba, Sakurai, ＆ Kawabata (in press) pointed out similarities between Petter's effect and the phantom illusion, which is visible when the spatial frequency is low or the occluder is thin.As mentioned above, our phantom research provides a promising basis for building an integrative explanation of visual completion phenomena. Less