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Reciprocity of sympathy and Japanese self : Implicit self-esteem and happiness

同情心与日本人自我的互惠：内隐的自尊与幸福

基本信息

批准号：
11410029
负责人：
KITAYAMA Shinobu
金额：
$ 3.84万
依托单位：
KYOTO UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1999
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1999 至 2001
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11410029/
关键词：
Self Priming Reciprocity Sympathy Helping behavior Self-attachment Friendships

项目摘要

In the current research project, we have carried out a series of theoretical and empirical studies on "Reciprocity of sympathy : Construction of Japanese selves". In a preceding project on Japanese self, we pointed out, first, that one significant aspect of Japanese selves is grounded in an assortment of interpersonal practices that involve sympathy and, second, that some self-related processes such as self-criticism that are relatively unique to Japan and other East Asian cultures can be better understood by taking such cultural practices into consideration. Drawing on this work, the current project contributed to a further understanding of "Japanese selves". Specifically, we pointed out that self-construals such as independence and interdependence may best be seen as solidly grounded in interpersonal processes. In this way it has become possible to develop a fuller theoretical framework for cultural variations in the self. We subsequently applied such a theoretical framework to subjective well-being and reviewed existent evidence. Drawing on a similar theoretical framework, we have also conducted empirical studies. Specifically, we examined emotional experience of both Japanese and Americans with a diary method. Further, we proposed that there are two routes to happiness one involving subjective assessment of the self and the other involving inter-subjective confirmation of relationship, and empirically tested some implications of this analysis. Finally, we also tested a phenomenon of implicit self-evaluation, which has proved to be a quite important theoretical Component of a theory of culture and self. Overall, these studies underscore the hypothesis that Japanese selves are far more relationship-oriented than American selves. However, they also suggest that this cross-cultural difference of the self is best revealed in measures of on-line processes of cognition, emotion, and behavior rather than in more traditional attitudinal measures.

在本研究项目中，我们对“同情的互惠：日本人的自我建构”进行了一系列的理论和实证研究。在上一个关于日本人自我的项目中，我们指出，第一，日本人自我的一个重要方面是基于一系列涉及同情的人际实践，第二，一些与自我相关的过程，如日本和其他东亚文化中相对独特的自我批评，可以通过考虑这些文化实践来更好地理解。在这项工作的基础上，目前的项目有助于进一步了解“日本人的自我”。具体地说，我们指出，独立和相互依赖等自我构念最好被视为牢固地植根于人际关系。这样，就有可能为自我的文化差异建立一个更全面的理论框架。我们随后将这样的理论框架应用于主观幸福感，并回顾了现有的证据。借鉴类似的理论框架，我们也进行了实证研究。具体地说，我们用日记的方法考察了日本人和美国人的情感体验。在此基础上，我们提出了幸福的两条途径，一条是对自我的主观评价，另一条是对关系的主体间确认，并对这一分析的一些启示进行了实证检验。最后，我们还检验了一个内隐自我评价现象，它已被证明是文化与自我理论中一个相当重要的理论组成部分。总体而言，这些研究强调了一个假设，即日本人的自我比美国人的自我更注重关系。然而，他们也表明，这种跨文化的自我差异最好地体现在对认知、情感和行为的在线过程的衡量上，而不是通过更传统的态度衡量。