Discontinuous evolution of carabid ground beetles and the evalution of the type-swiching theory

在步甲类地铃虫的进化过程中，偶尔会发生大小不一的辐射爆炸，有时伴随着在系统发育上遥远和亲近的谱系中平行的形态进化。类型转换模型首先在同翅目亚属中被描述为进化模型。目前，在许多亚属中都发现了同样的现象，如金枪鱼、金枪鱼等。总体而言，步甲科的进化似乎总体上是不连续的。通过线粒体ND5基因的序列比较，对这些样本的系统发育进行了检验。通过ND5基因与核ITS的序列比较，对同翅亚属的系统发育特性进行了研究。Kiisis应被认为是一个正宗物种，而非典型的iwakianus和另外两个亚种被认为是Kiiensis和O.maiyasanus杂交的后代。Uenoi是Arrowianus雌性与O.iwakianus或O.kiiens雄性杂交的后代。

During evolution of carabid ground belltes, occasional radiation explosions of various sizes took place, sometimes accompanied by parallel morphological evolution in phylogenetically remote as well as close lineages. Type-switching model was first described as a evolutional model in subgenus Ohomopterus. At present, the same phenomenon has been reported form many subgenela, such as Coptolabrus, Acoptolabrus, etc. Overall, carabid evolution seems to be generally discontinuous.In 2003, we have collected many samples of two genera, Coptolabrus and Acoptolabrus, from Primorsky, Russia. The phylogeny of those samples have been examined by sequense comparison of the mitochondrial ND5 gene. And the phylogenetic properties of the subgenus Ohomopterus have been also examined by sequense comparison of the ND5 gene and the nuclear ITS I.The population represented by subsp. Kiiensis should be regarded as an authentic species and the nominotypical iwawakianus and two other subspecies are considered to be offspring of the hybrid between kiiensis and O.maiyasanus. O.uenoi is a descendant from a hybrid between the female of O.arrowianus and the male of either O.iwawakianus or O.kiiensis.