Studies on Multi-Agent Based Management and Control of Wide Area Dispersed Power Sources

光伏发电、风力涡轮机发电、微型燃气涡轮机发电、燃料电池和储能装置等分布式发电技术为电力系统的运行提供了综合性能和灵活性。在这个项目中，一个基于多智能体的操作和控制已经提出了互联或孤立的配电系统与分散的电源，如光伏（PV）单元，风力发电机组，柴油发电机组，和一个新的能量存储设备，如能量电容器系统（ECS）。能量电容器系统（ECS）由双电层电容器组成。来自光伏单元以及来自风力发电单元的发电取决于诸如日照和风速的环境因素，因此，来自这些单元的功率的完全调节是相当困难的。为了克服这种情况，新的 ...更多信息 基于多智能体技术的自动发电控制系统采用储能装置--能量电容器系统（ECS）与柴油机组协调运行，实现能量电容器系统的快速充放电。因此，来自风力涡轮机单元以及来自PV单元的功率的变化可以通过ECS的充电或放电操作来吸收。此外，可变负载下功耗的变化也可以通过ECS的充电/放电操作来吸收。本研究考虑的是一个小尺寸的ECS，因此，由于其容量有限，ECS无法进行连续充电或放电操作。因此，柴油机组的功率调节是不可避免的，以保持ECS的存储能量在适当的范围内，以继续对ECS的自动发电控制（AGC）。在建议的AGC方案中，ECS提供AGC方案的主要功能，柴油机组提供AGC方案的补充功能。也就是说，协调AGC已经提出了ECS和柴油机组之间的总发电量和总电力需求的平衡在孤立的电力系统。所提出的多代理系统由三种类型的智能代理组成：用于通过计算机网络分配所需信息的监控代理，用于ECS上的充电/放电操作以及用于柴油机单元上的功率调节的控制代理，在电力系统仿真器上进行了真实的实时仿真并在实验室系统上演示了所提出的基于多智能体的操作和控制方案的效率。在Matlab/Simulink环境下开发了基于PC机的ECS模块、光伏模块、风力涡轮机发电机模块等真实的实时模块，实现了与电力系统仿真器的并行仿真。所有基于PC的模块都具有DSP板，DSP板带有AD/DA转换单元，用于与电力系统仿真器的接口。仿真结果和实验结果表明，所提出的基于多智能体的方案的效率。然而，在现有的通信延迟时间下，控制性能将在一定程度上下降。为了克服这种情况，已经提出了一种用于补偿通信延迟的补偿器。所提出的补偿器的效率已澄清，通过仿真和实验。在考虑延迟时间补偿的情况下，基于多智能体的系统性能不会因为延迟超过0.1秒而降低。为了进一步补偿通信故障，提出了一种分层控制系统：上层控制系统与本项目中提出的基于多智能体的系统相同，下层控制系统仅利用ECS位置处测量的本地信息。通过上位控制系统与下位控制系统的切换，在通信故障的情况下，控制不会中断。少

A number of new distributed power generation technologies, such as the photo-voltaic generation, the wind turbine generation, the micro gas turbine generation, the fuel cells, and the energy storage devices, are currently available to offer integrated performance and flexibility for the power system operation. In this project, a multi-agent based operation and control has been proposed for interconnected or isolated distribution systems with dispersed power sources such as photo-voltaic(PV) units, wind generation units, diesel generation units, and a new energy storage device such as the Energy Capacitor System (ECS). The Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of electrical double-layer capacitors. The power generation from the photo-voltaic units and also from the wind generation units depends on the environmental factors such as the insolation and the wind velocity, therefore, the complete regulation of the power from these units is quite difficult. To overcome this situation, a new … More energy storage device, the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is coordinated with the diesel units for the proposed multi-agent based automatic generation control.The fast charging/discharging operation is available on the Energy Capacitor System. Therefore, the variations of power from the wind turbine units and also from the PV units can be absorbed through the charging or the discharging operation of the ECS. In addition, the variation of power consumption at the variable load can also be absorbed through the charging/discharging operation of the ECS. A small sized ECS is considered in this study, therefore, the continuous charging or discharging operation is not available on the ECS because of its restricted capacity. Therefore, the power regulation on the diesel units is inevitable to keep the stored energy of the ECS in a proper range for continuing the automatic generation control (AGC) on the ECS. In the proposed AGC scheme, the ECS provides the main function of AGC scheme and the diesel units provide a supplementary function of the AGC scheme. Namely, a coordinated AGC has been proposed between the ECS and the diesel units for balancing the total power generation and the total power demand in the isolated power systems. The proposed multi-agent system consists of three types of intelligent agents : monitoring agents for the distribution of required information through the computer network, the control agents for the charging/discharging operation on the ECS and also for the power regulation on the diesel units, and finally a supervisor agent for the coordination between the ECS and the diesel units.Real time simulations have been performed on a power system simulator and on the laboratory system to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed multi-agent based operation and control scheme. Personal computer (PC) based real time modules such as the ECS module, the photo-voltaic module, the wind turbine generator module have been also developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment for the parallel simulations with the power system simulator. All the PC based modules have DSP boards with AD/DA conversion units for the interfaces to and from the power system simulator. The simulation results and experimental results have clearly indicated the efficiency of the proposed multi-agent based scheme. However, the control performance should be degraded to some extent under existing communication delay time. To overcome this situation, a compensator has been proposed for the compensation of the communication delay. The efficiency of the proposed compensator has been clarified through the simulations and the experiments. The multi-agent based system performance is not degraded for the delay over 0.1 second when considering the compensation of delay time. For the further compensation of the communication failures, a hierarchical control system has been proposed as follows : the upper control system is the same as that of the multi-agent based system proposed in this project and the lower control system is the one which utilizes only the local information measured at the location of the ECS. Through the switching from the upper to the lower control system, the control is never interrupted under the existence of the communication failures. Less