Studies on Multi-Agent Based Management and Control of Wide Area Dispersed Power Sources

目前，许多新的分布式发电技术，如光伏发电、风力涡轮机发电、微型燃气轮机发电、燃料电池和储能装置，都可以为电力系统的运行提供综合性能和灵活性。在该项目中，提出了一种基于多智能体的互联或隔离配电系统的运行和控制，该系统具有分散的电源，如光伏(PV)机组、风力发电机组、柴油发电机组，以及新的储能装置，如能量电容器系统(ECS)。能量电容器系统(ECS)由双电层电容器组成。光伏发电机组和风力发电机组的发电依赖于日照、风速等环境因素，因此，对这些机组的功率进行完全的调节是相当困难的。为了克服这种情况，新的…更多的储能装置，能量电容器系统(ECS)与柴油机组协调，以实现拟议的基于多智能体的自动发电控制。因此，风电机组和光伏机组的功率变化可以通过ECS的充电或放电操作来吸收。此外，还可以通过ECS的充放电操作来吸收可变负载下的功耗变化。由于本研究考虑的是小型ECS，因此由于容量有限，ECS不能进行连续充放电操作。因此，为了继续对电控系统进行自动发电控制(AGC)，对柴油机组进行功率调节势在必行，以保持电控系统的储能在合适的范围内。在建议的AGC方案中，ECS提供AGC方案的主要功能，柴油机组提供AGC方案的补充功能。也就是说，在独立电力系统中，为了平衡总发电量和总电力需求，在ECS和柴油机组之间提出了协调AGC。该多智能体系统由三类智能智能体组成：监控智能体，用于通过计算机网络分发所需信息；控制智能体，用于控制ECS上的充放电操作和柴油机组的功率调节；最后，监督智能体，用于协调ECS和柴油机组之间的协调。在MatLab/Simulink环境下开发了基于PC机的ECS模块、光伏模块、风力发电模块等实时模块，实现了与电力系统仿真器的并行仿真。所有基于PC的模块都有带有AD/DA转换单元的DSP板，用于与电力系统仿真器之间的接口。仿真结果和实验结果表明了所提出的多智能体方案的有效性。然而，在现有的通信延迟时间下，控制性能会有一定程度的下降。为了克服这种情况，提出了一种补偿通信时延的补偿器。通过仿真和实验验证了该补偿器的有效性。考虑时延补偿时，基于多智能体的系统性能不会因超过0.1s的时延而降低。为了进一步补偿通信故障，提出了一种分层控制系统：上层控制系统与本项目提出的基于多智能体的控制系统相同，下层控制系统是只利用在ECS位置测量的本地信息的控制系统。通过上位机到下位机的切换，在存在通信故障的情况下，控制不会中断。较少

A number of new distributed power generation technologies, such as the photo-voltaic generation, the wind turbine generation, the micro gas turbine generation, the fuel cells, and the energy storage devices, are currently available to offer integrated performance and flexibility for the power system operation. In this project, a multi-agent based operation and control has been proposed for interconnected or isolated distribution systems with dispersed power sources such as photo-voltaic(PV) units, wind generation units, diesel generation units, and a new energy storage device such as the Energy Capacitor System (ECS). The Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of electrical double-layer capacitors. The power generation from the photo-voltaic units and also from the wind generation units depends on the environmental factors such as the insolation and the wind velocity, therefore, the complete regulation of the power from these units is quite difficult. To overcome this situation, a new … More energy storage device, the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is coordinated with the diesel units for the proposed multi-agent based automatic generation control.The fast charging/discharging operation is available on the Energy Capacitor System. Therefore, the variations of power from the wind turbine units and also from the PV units can be absorbed through the charging or the discharging operation of the ECS. In addition, the variation of power consumption at the variable load can also be absorbed through the charging/discharging operation of the ECS. A small sized ECS is considered in this study, therefore, the continuous charging or discharging operation is not available on the ECS because of its restricted capacity. Therefore, the power regulation on the diesel units is inevitable to keep the stored energy of the ECS in a proper range for continuing the automatic generation control (AGC) on the ECS. In the proposed AGC scheme, the ECS provides the main function of AGC scheme and the diesel units provide a supplementary function of the AGC scheme. Namely, a coordinated AGC has been proposed between the ECS and the diesel units for balancing the total power generation and the total power demand in the isolated power systems. The proposed multi-agent system consists of three types of intelligent agents : monitoring agents for the distribution of required information through the computer network, the control agents for the charging/discharging operation on the ECS and also for the power regulation on the diesel units, and finally a supervisor agent for the coordination between the ECS and the diesel units.Real time simulations have been performed on a power system simulator and on the laboratory system to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed multi-agent based operation and control scheme. Personal computer (PC) based real time modules such as the ECS module, the photo-voltaic module, the wind turbine generator module have been also developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment for the parallel simulations with the power system simulator. All the PC based modules have DSP boards with AD/DA conversion units for the interfaces to and from the power system simulator. The simulation results and experimental results have clearly indicated the efficiency of the proposed multi-agent based scheme. However, the control performance should be degraded to some extent under existing communication delay time. To overcome this situation, a compensator has been proposed for the compensation of the communication delay. The efficiency of the proposed compensator has been clarified through the simulations and the experiments. The multi-agent based system performance is not degraded for the delay over 0.1 second when considering the compensation of delay time. For the further compensation of the communication failures, a hierarchical control system has been proposed as follows : the upper control system is the same as that of the multi-agent based system proposed in this project and the lower control system is the one which utilizes only the local information measured at the location of the ECS. Through the switching from the upper to the lower control system, the control is never interrupted under the existence of the communication failures. Less