Eclipse and Mutation: The end of the sun temple of Heliopolis (Egypt)

日食与突变：赫利奥波利斯太阳神庙的终结（埃及）

• 批准号: 457860285
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Kai-Christian Bruhn
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Abteilung Madrid
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/457860285?language=en
• 关键词: Eclipse; Mutation; end; sun; temple

Heliopolis is an icon of ancient Egyptian religion and culture. The cult of Heliopolis explains the political order of Egypt through the myth of creation. Few other places worldwide have a continuous tradition of worship sponsored by rulers for a period of no less than 2,400 years. Its reputation as a source of the wisdom of Ancient Egypt supposedly brought the progenitors of European science and philosophy (e.g. Platon) to this temple and its library. In modern times the urban site of the temenos – sandwiched bet¬ween constructions, mountains of garbage, and a rising groundwater level – was widely considered to be devoid of monuments. The first systematic excavations undertaken by the Egyptian-German Mission (2012-2019) revealed, however, the first evidence the paleo-landscape and topography of the site through time, as well as important individual monuments and features of the 4th–1st millennium BCE.Twilight of a temple: The proposed project (2021-2023) addresses for the first time the architecture and epigraphy of the temenos in its latest phase, representing the last period when it had international fame. The upper layers of the 4th century BCE can still be documented by geophysical survey and excavations almost everywhere at the site. Especially the coexistence of structures and monuments of various periods is still not well understood. The research program will focus on the remains of the main dromos and three sanctuaries that have been identified by geophysi¬cal surveys and sondages carried out from 2017-2019. The project will also investigate the architectural elements preserved in the local storerooms of the Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, with a specific focus on the temple’s last phase. Unpublished Egyptian excavations carried out from 1950-1985 will be the subject of archival stu¬dies. The project will furthermore re-contextualize the considerable number of Heliopolitan monuments that were shipped from Alexandria to Rome and other locations in order to generate a more precise idea about the visual nature of the Heliopolitan sanctuary in Egypt. A subsequent phase of the proposed project (2024-2026) will carry out excavations in the southern perimeter of the temenos with evidence for minor sanctuaries and facilities for ritual preparations.Causal study: A second component of the proposed project investigates the reasons for the historical neglect of Heliopolis. The temple suddenly lost its royal patronage in the late 4th century BC resulting in the reuse and movement of objects during the Greco-Roman Period, while Heliopolis continued to live in the textual culture.Traces of Memory: Heliopolis was the only major sanctuary in Egypt to be disassembled during the Greco-Roman Period, when most other sanctua¬ries in the country remained active. The extent of this re-purposing of the heritage of the site will be comprehensively documented and interpreted in the subsequent phase of the proposed project (2024-2026).

赫利奥波利斯是古埃及宗教和文化的象征。赫利奥波利斯崇拜通过创世神话解释了埃及的政治秩序。世界上很少有其他地方拥有由统治者赞助的不少于2,400年的持续崇拜传统。它作为古埃及智慧之源的声誉据说将欧洲科学和哲学的先驱（例如柏拉图）带到了这座寺庙及其图书馆。在现代，泰梅诺斯的城市遗址-夹在建筑物之间，垃圾山，地下水位上升-被广泛认为是没有纪念碑的。奥地利-德国使命进行的首次系统挖掘（2012-2019）揭示了该遗址的古景观和地形的第一个证据，以及公元前4 - 1千年的重要个人纪念碑和特征。寺庙的黄昏：拟议的项目（2021-2023年）首次涉及Temenos最新阶段的建筑和金石学，代表了它在国际上享有声誉的最后一个时期。在遗址的几乎所有地方，地球物理调查和挖掘仍然可以记录到公元前世纪的上层。特别是各个时期的结构和纪念碑的共存仍然没有得到很好的理解。该研究计划将重点关注2017-2019年进行的地球物理调查和sondages确定的主要dromos和三个保护区的遗迹。该项目还将调查保存在文物和旅游部当地仓库中的建筑元素，特别关注寺庙的最后阶段。1950年至1985年进行的未发表的埃及发掘将成为档案研究的主题。该项目还将重新安排从亚历山大港运往罗马和其他地方的大量赫利奥波利斯纪念碑的背景，以便更准确地了解埃及赫利奥波利斯圣殿的视觉性质。该项目的下一阶段（2024-2026年）将在特梅诺斯的南部周边进行挖掘，以证明小型避难所和仪式准备设施的存在。原因研究：该项目的第二部分调查了赫利奥波利斯历史上被忽视的原因。在公元前世纪晚期，神庙突然失去了皇家的赞助，导致希腊罗马时期的物品被重新使用和移动，而赫利奥波利斯继续生活在文本文化中。记忆的痕迹：赫利奥波利斯是埃及唯一一个在希腊罗马时期被拆除的主要避难所，当时该国大多数其他避难所仍然活跃。该遗址遗产的再利用程度将在拟议项目的后续阶段（2024-2026）中进行全面记录和解释。