The Cultic Centre of the Sun-God of Heliopolis (Egypt)

太阳崇拜是三千多年来古埃及宗教的中心元素，赫利奥波利斯站在它的中心-世界创造的地方和全国范围的参考点。赫利奥波利斯的建筑布局和景观是许多争论的话题。大多数这些假设都是基于非语境化的对象。此外，赫利奥波利斯的局势在2011年革命后严重恶化。大量的空间正在被非法建筑工程所占用。在2012-2015年第一阶段结束时，Nektanebo I的一个迄今为止未知的寺庙。发现于2015年春天。对水泵进行了测试，以便进行详细的挖掘和记录，最深可达地下水位以下1米。此外，通过地球物理和地貌调查发现了石灰岩建造的主要寺庙的遗迹。此外，还发现了晚更新世盖济拉，这是崇拜地形的核心。正如Sesostris I的方尖碑所示，太阳神庙的中心就位于这里。对所谓的高沙泥砖筑堤的重新定位导致了一项措施的假设，即通过一个直径约400米的围栏来保护创造的圣地免受异常洪水的侵袭。该使命将在2016-2019年集中在四个研究目标上：将挖掘和研究公元前4世纪迄今未知的寺庙碎片。这将为赫利奥波利斯本身的文本提供第一手证据，因为该寺庙通常被认为是法老埃及文本文化的中心。由于它是建在泥砖筑堤的顶部，浮雕在现在的地下水位下很浅。在方尖碑以西至少30米长的寺庙墙壁的定位允许对寺庙的天文方位进行第一次可靠的调查，因为很明显它与公元前2000年和公元前1000年的大型围墙的方位不同。小的沉积物将提供该结构的年代。西部泥砖筑堤的地层调查将允许重新评估其建造日期，并通过2015年春季发现的重复使用的物品进一步了解保护区的早期历史。历史景观的重建是地貌调查的主题。本项目的这一部分将侧重于太阳神庙后期区域的古景观和最早的地层。这些结果将得到早期挖掘的未公布数据的补充，并随后在地理信息系统中加以阐述和核实。各种方法的结合将说明该地区的过渡时期开始时，神话可能已经形成。神庙遗址的进一步发展将证明其转变为公元前3，2，1千年前埃及最着名的国家圣殿。

The sun-cult was the central element of ancient Egyptian religion for more than three millennia, and Heliopolis stood at its centre - the place of the worlds creation and a country-wide reference point. The architectural layout and the landscape of Heliopolis are the topic of much debate. Most of these hypotheses are based on decontextualised objects. In addition, the situation in Heliopolis has deteriorated considerably after the revolution in 2011. Large space is being lost to illegal construction work. Towards the end of the first phase 2012-2015 a hitherto unknown temple of Nektanebo I. was discovered In spring 2015. Pumps were tested to allow detailed excavation and recording up to 1 m beneath the water table. In addition, remains of the main temple built of limestone were detected by the geophysical and geomorphological survey. Furthermore, the nucleus of the cult topography, a late Pleistocene gezira, was discovered. It is here that the centre of the sun-temple was located, as indicated by the obelisk of Sesostris I. The relocalisation of the mud-brick embankment of the so-called High sand led to the assumption of a measure to protect the sacred ground of creation against exceptional floods by an enclosure of about 400 m diametre.The mission will focus in 2016-2019 on four research targets: The fragments of the hitherto unknown temple of the 4th century BC will be unearthed and studied. This will provide first-hand evidence for texts from Heliopolis itself, as the temple is generally considered as a centre of the textual culture of Pharaonic Egypt. Since it was built on top of the mud-brick embankment, the reliefs are at little depth beneath the present water table. The localisation of a temple wall of min. 30 m length to the west of the obelisk allows for the first reliable investigation on the temples astronomical orientation since it is evident that it differs from the orientation of the large enclosure walls of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC. Small sondages will provide the dating of that structure. Stratigraphical investigations of the western mud-brick embankment will allow for a reassessment of the date of its construction as well as for further insights to the early history of the sanctuary by reused objects as they were found in spring 2015. The reconstruction of the historical landscape is the subject of the geomorphological survey. This part of the project will focus on the palaeo-landscape and the earliest strata in the later precinct of the sun-temple. The results will be supplemented by unpublished data from earlier excavations and subsequently elaborated and verified in a GIS. The combination of various methods will illustrate the transition of the area starting with periods when the mythology might have been formed. The further development of the temple site will prove the transformation into the most prominent national sanctuary of the 3rd, 2nd and earlier 1st millennium B.C. of Egypt.