Violent practices and discourses on violence during the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)

七年战争期间的暴力行为和暴力言论（1756â1763）

• 批准号: 457885969
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Marian Füssel
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Seminar für Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/457885969?language=en
• 关键词: Violent; practices; discourses; violence; during

The sub-project compares the Austrian and Russian armies during the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) in Europe with regard to their specific cultures of violence. Both armies cooperated in the eastern theatre of war and acted on many occasions as allies. Both armies shared some common features such as the use of irregular border troops (Cossacks, Pandurs), joint operations like raids and battles and common technologies (Shuvalov’s secret howitzer), and both were the target of a rich pro-Prussian discourse of propaganda, which kept a close eye on their behaviour. Both armies were culturally diverse and their generals’ scope of action depended on the decisions taken at the respective centre (Moscow, Vienna). In addition to evident similarities, there were also some striking differences: Although their armies reflected a variety of national backgrounds, Austrians and Prussians shared no language barrier comparable to the one the Russians and Prussians had, Austrian supply chains were not as far from home as the Russian ones and the image of the armies in the West differed. The intended comparison focuses on key practices of irregular violence considered by contemporaries to be outside the norm. This includes massacres against the civilian population, exaggerated violence in battles and sieges and a policy of scorched earth, all considered inappropriate in eighteenth century ‘enlightened’ warfare. These practices contradicted the enlightened vision of the ‘tamed Bellona’ and were issues of public judgement, which in itself makes this comparison a promising case study because different judgements of similar practices can be compared.

该分项目比较了欧洲七年战争（1756-1763年）期间奥地利和俄罗斯军队的具体暴力文化。两军在东部战区合作，并多次作为盟友行动。双方军队都有一些共同的特点，例如使用非正规边境部队（哥萨克人，潘杜尔人），联合行动，如突袭和战斗以及共同的技术（舒瓦洛夫的秘密榴弹炮），并且都是亲普鲁士的宣传话语的目标，密切关注他们的行为。两支军队都有不同的文化背景，他们的将军们的行动范围取决于各自中心（莫斯科、维也纳）的决定。除了明显的相似之处，还有一些惊人的差异：尽管他们的军队反映了不同的民族背景，但奥地利人和普鲁士人没有俄罗斯人和普鲁士人那样的语言障碍，奥地利的供应链不像俄罗斯人那样远离家乡，西方军队的形象也不同。打算进行的比较侧重于当代人认为不符合规范的非正规暴力的主要做法。这包括对平民的屠杀，在战斗和围攻中的夸张暴力以及焦土政策，所有这些都被认为是十八世纪“开明”战争中不合适的。这些做法与“驯服的Bellona”的开明愿景相矛盾，是公众判断的问题，这本身就使得这种比较成为一个有希望的案例研究，因为可以比较类似做法的不同判断。