The Rural Economy in West Java and Economic Reforms

1950- 1985年期间，印尼非农业部门吸收了大量农村劳动力。但劳动力的增长快于就业机会的增长，农业部门不得不吸纳在非农部门找不到工作的劳动力。1985年以来，由于外国直接投资，印尼农业部门的就业机会迅速扩大，农业部门的劳动力比重开始下降，但到1997年，农业部门仍雇用了40%以上的劳动力。经济危机期间和之后，印尼政府取消了对农业部门的价格支持计划和各种补贴。但与其他部门相比，它们对农业部门的影响并不严重，因为贸易条件在某种程度上有利于农业部门。与此同时，一部分在城市失去就业机会的劳动力向农村转移，在农业中就业，增加了农民收入 关于我们 d这表明劳动力仍在农业和非农业部门之间大量流动。另一方面，由于新技术和新的生产安排的引进，农业生产协会和其他农村组织已不再有效运作。与其他国家的制造业相比，印度尼西亚以前的小型企业的就业扩大速度较慢。在印度尼西亚，小规模的资本生产率低于大规模。在其他国家的情况下，它在小规模上较高，在大规模上较低。理论分析表明，国外的模式是比较合适的。造成印尼模式的主要因素有以下几个方面。小企业生产水平低。结果，他们的资产没有得到充分利用，资本生产率下降。这一事实与小型和大型企业之间缺乏分包安排以及它们之间的分工有关。由于这两种生产安排的水平较低，小规模企业无法充分利用其能力，也无法在其生产活动中达到更高的效率水平。为解决这一问题，该部门必须建立适当的制度，在小型企业和大型企业之间以及在小型企业之间分担工作。少

Indonesia non-agricultural sector absorbed a large number of labor force from the rural areas during the 1950-85 period. But labor forces grew faster than employment opportunities, the agricultural sector had to absorb labor forces which could not find employment in the non-agricultural sectors. Although their employment opportunities had expanded rapidly due to foreign direct investment since 1985 and the labor force share in the agricultural sector started to decline, it employed still over 40 percent of labor forces in 1997.During and after the economic crisis, Indonesian government removed the price support programs and various subsidies to the agricultural sector. But their effects on agricultural sector was not so serious compared with other sectors because the terms of trade turned in favor of the agricultural sector somehow. At the same time, some labor forces lost employment opportunities in urban areas migrated to rural areas and they were employed in the agriculture increase … More d/ This indicates that labor forces are still moving between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors significantly. On the other hand, agricultural production associations and other rural organizations have not been working well anymore because of introduction of new technology and new production arrangements.When Indonesian manufacturing sector is compared with that in other countries ones, employment expansion of the former small-scale enterprises has been slower. In Indonesian case, capital productivity of the small-scales is lower than that of the large-scales. In other countries' case, it is higher at the small-scales and lower at the large-scales. The theory shows that the other countries' pattern is appropriate one. The major factor created Indonesian pattern is as follows. The production level is low at the small-scale enterprises. As the result, their assets are not fully utilized and then their capital productivity goes down. This fact is related to lack of subcontracting arrangements between the small- and large-scale enterprises and division of labor among them. Because of the lower levels of both production arrangements, the small-scale enterprises cannot fully utilize their capacity and cannot attain a higher efficiency level in their production activities. To solve this problem, the sector has to develop appropriate systems for sharing the works between small- and large-scale enterprises and among the small-scale enterprises. Less