On the behavior of siderophilic trace elements during iron production

其主要目标是扩展已经建立的方法，确定来源的铁使用锇同位素的黑色金属的化学特性。在该项目的范围内，将开发与其他亲铁元素相结合的方法，这将使用（非常）小的样品实现对考古铁制品起源的更可靠的确定。重要的是要验证理论上预期的行为（稳定性，挥发性，污染）的其他亲铁元素在生产链中的铁冶炼实验，并证明在考古案例研究的适用性。不应包括锇以外的铂族元素（PGE）。从铁矿石中提取铂族元素是一个复杂的过程，其含量非常低，几乎没有合适的比较基础。我们的研究项目将进行实验研究和考古案例研究：1.在三个不同矿石的冶炼实验中对从矿石到块料的整个生产链进行分析（在PlosOne上发表的Os同位素数据样本集，30个样本）2.对以色列阿拉巴地区4件考古铁器的分析我们的方法的特点是，我们使用创新的和经过验证的分析方法（浸渍粉末样品的激光烧蚀或金属铁的直接烧蚀，参见例如（Shaheen等人，2017）），这将在未来为我们提供高度精确的分析数据（所有上述痕量和主要元素），而不需要付出很大的努力。这种方法也可以在未来被其他科学家以相同或类似的方式使用。这将为本项目范围内更大和更完整的数据基础奠定基础，从而实现对考古铁制品更可靠的分类，这两种方法-微量元素分析和锇同位素分析-的结合具有若干优点：更大的铁物体样本系列可以在这片草地上组合在一起，根据它们的性质，化学成分然后，可以对更少的材料组进行进一步的更具破坏性的分析，如炉渣夹杂物或Os同位素分析。此外，特征微量元素补充了锇同位素，提供了关于可能的存款类型的信息，这使得有可能进一步缩小特定存款的同位素比率。 这一补充方法对于缺少关于可能的冶炼地点以及诸如炉渣等冶炼废物的信息的铁矿床特别重要。

The primary goal is to extend the already established method of determining the provenance of iron using osmium isotopes by the chemical characterization of the ferrous metal. Within the scope of this project, a combination of methods with other siderophilic elements will be developed, which will achieve an even more robust determination of the origin of archaeological iron artifacts using (very) small samples. It is important to verify the theoretically expected behaviour (stability, volatility, contamination) of other siderophilic elements during the production chain of iron smelting in experiments and to demonstrate the applicability in an archaeological case study. Platinum group elements (PGEs) other than osmium should not be included. The extraction of PGEs from iron ores is complex, the contents are very low and the suitable basis for comparison is practically non-existent.Our research project will be carried out on an experimental study and an archaeological case study:1. analysis of the whole production chain from ore to the lump in three smelting experiments with different ores (set of samples of the Os-isotope data published in PlosOne, 30 samples)2. analysis of 4 archaeological iron objects of the Arabah region/IsraelOur approach shall be characterized by the fact that we use innovative and proven analytical methods (laser ablation on impregnated powder samples or direct ablation of metallic iron see e.g. (Shaheen et al. 2017)), which will provide us in the future with highly precise analytical data (all of the above mentioned trace and main elements) without great effort. This approach could also be used by other scientists in the same or similar way in the future. This would provide the basis for a larger and more complete data basis within the scope of this project, which would achieve a more secure classification of archaeological iron objects.The combination of the two methods - trace element analysis and Os-isotope analysis - offers several advantages: larger sample series of iron objects can be grouped together on this meadow with only little intervention in the objects themselves according to their chemical composition. Further more destructive analyses, slag inclusions or Os-isotope analyses, could then be performed on a smaller selection of material groups. In addition, characteristic trace elements supplement the osmium isotope with information on the possible deposit type, which makes it possible to further narrow down the assignment of isotope ratios to a specific deposit. This complementary method would be of particular importance for iron finds for which information on possible smelting sites and thus also smelting waste such as slags is missing.