TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTION OF APOSEMATIC COLORATION

全面理解自然色彩的演变

• 批准号: 13440230
• 负责人: NISHIDA Takayoshi
• 金额: $ 3.26万
• 依托单位: KYOTO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2003
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13440230/
• 关键词: Aposematism; Batesian mimicry; Mullerian mimicry; Butterflies; Body coloration; pyrrhocorid bug; Reflectance Evolution; 進化; 捕食; 被食; 色覚; 隠蔽色; ミューラ式擬態; カロチノイド; 適応度コスト; 色彩多型; 捕食回避; ベーツ型擬態; ミュラー型擬態; シロオビアゲハ

To understand the evolution of aposematic coloration comprehensively, we examined aposematism observed both in Betesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. Ohsaki examined ecological properties of mimetic and non-mimetic types of female butterflies in which Betesian mimicry is specific only to females. Under predation free conditions the mimetic females had lower survival rate than did non-mimetic females, suggesting a large fitness cost of being mimetic. Filed census on tropical butterfly community revealed greater predation pressure for females than for males particularly for species that fly at a high speed around tree canopies, but failed to do so for those flying at a lowspeed near the ground. These results may explain why Betesian mimicry is sex limited in "speedy" butterflies but not so in "sluggish" butterflies. Nishida examined Mullerian mimicry in two pairs of pyrrhocorid bugs, in both of which one was a predator and the other was a prey. Reflectance of body coloration was quite similar and high in one system, but different in the other system, which may corresponded to the degree of specialization over prey-predator interaction: highly specialized in the former and rather generalized in the latter. Absence of common predators in both systems suggested that at least at present, Mullerian mimicry did not work, which may require alternative explanations in the context of natural selection.

为了全面了解警戒色的演变，我们研究了在Behran拟态和Mullerian拟态中观察到的警戒色。Ohsaki研究了拟态和非拟态类型的雌性蝴蝶的生态特性，其中Bearing拟态仅限于雌性。在无捕食条件下，拟态雌性的存活率低于非拟态雌性，表明拟态的适应度成本很大。对热带蝴蝶群落的实地调查显示，雌性的捕食压力大于雄性，尤其是在树冠周围高速飞行的物种，但在地面附近低速飞行的物种没有这样做。这些结果可以解释为什么在“快速”蝴蝶中，拟雌蝶是有性别限制的，而在“缓慢”蝴蝶中则不然。Nishida研究了两对Pyrrhocorid错误的Mullerian拟态，其中一个是捕食者，另一个是猎物。体色反射率在一个系统中非常相似且高，但在另一个系统中不同，这可能对应于捕食者-被捕食者相互作用的专门化程度：在前者中高度专门化，而在后者中相当普遍。在这两个系统中缺乏共同的捕食者表明，至少在目前，穆勒模仿没有工作，这可能需要在自然选择的背景下替代解释。

项目成果

Imai, K., N.Ohsaki: "Internal structure of developing aucuba fruit as a defense increasing oviposition costs of its gall midges Asphondylia aucubae."Ecological Entomology. 29(In press). (2004)

Imai, K., N.Ohsaki：“发展 aucuba 果实作为防御措施的内部结构增加了其瘿蚊 Asphondylia aucubae 的产卵成本。”生态昆虫学。

Matsumoto, T., Itioka, T., Nishlda, T.: "Cascading effect of a specialist parasitoid on plant biomass in a Citrus agroecosystem"Ecological Research. 18・6. 651-659 (2003)

Matsumoto, T.、Itioka, T.、Nishlda, T.：“柑橘农业生态系统中专业寄生物对植物生物量的级联效应”18・6（2003）。

Matsumoto, T., Itioka, T., Nishlda, T.: "Rapid change in the settling mode of the arrowhead scale, Unapsis yanonensis, as a way to avoid two introduced parasitoids, Aphytis yanonensis and Coccobius fulvus"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 107・2. 10

Matsumoto, T.、Itioka, T.、Nishlda, T.：“快速改变箭头鳞片 Unapsis yanonensis 的沉降模式，作为避免两种引入寄生蜂 Aphytis yanonensis 和 Coccobius fulvus 的一种方法”Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata。 107・2.10

Matsumoto, T., Itioka, T., Nishida, T.: "Is Spatial Density-Dependent Parasitism Necessary for Successful Biological Control? Testing a Stable Host-Parasitoid System"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 110・3. 191-200 (2004)

Matsumoto, T.、Itioka, T.、Nishida, T.：“空间密度依赖性寄生对于成功的生物控制是必要的吗？测试稳定的寄主-拟寄生物系统”昆虫学实验和应用110・3。 ）

Nishida, T.: "Population dynamics of an isolated population of the tropical pyrrhocorid bug, Melamphaus faber, feeding on seeds of Hydnocarpus trees and the specialist predator, Raxa nishidai in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia"Tropics. 10. 449-461 (2001)

Nishida, T.：“热带吡咯虫（Melamphaus faber）的一个孤立种群的种群动态，该种群以大风子树的种子为食，而印度尼西亚西爪哇省茂物的专业捕食者 Raxa nishidai”热带地区。