Comparative Research on the Creating of Innovation Clusters in the US and Japan -In search for Bases of Assisting Policies to High-tech Venture Businesses-

20世纪90年代，美国经济以高科技产业的增长和信息技术的迅速崛起为基础，经历了一段长期的繁荣时期。经济繁荣是由高科技产业区带来的，这些高科技产业区是通过大学与产业政府合作产生的衍生风险公司的聚集而产生的。这就是在繁荣的年代里，从波士顿和硅谷到美国所有拥有高水平研究型大学的地区，高科技产业区的扩散。本研究旨在澄清“奥斯汀模式”的事实和逻辑，该模式被认为是美国除硅谷之外的其他地方创建高科技产业区最成功的模式。“奥斯汀模式”被认为是美国经济在20世纪80年代和90年代从以大企业为主的“企业美国”向以新兴风险企业为主的“企业美国”转变的基础上复兴的机制。并将重点转向扶持产业联盟中的衍生风险企业，导致90年代出现了硅谷这样的高科技地区，出现了类似的风险企业集聚。“Austin Model”是知识经济时代的新经济政策和地区政策的重要组成部分。根据我们的研究项目，“Austin Model”显示了以技术、风险资金和高水平人力资源的三方混合网络为基础，以区域内的大学和研究机构的研究成果为基础的新制度对辅助衍生风险企业的重要性。我们把这种新的辅助系统称为创新集群，它可以由影响者组织起来，填补地方向知识经济转型所造成的“结构洞”。

During 1990s, the US Economy had enjoyed long prosperity based on the Growth of High-tech Industries with rapid emergence of Information Technology. The economic prosperity was brought by the High-tech Industrial Regions created through the agglomerations of spin-off venture firms from the collaborations of University-Industry Government. These had been the proliferation of High-tech Industrial Regions from Boston and Silicon-valley to all US regions with high-level research universities during these prosperous years.This research project was structured to clarify the facts and logics of "Austin Model", which was appreciated as the most successful model to create the High-tech Industrial Region in other local areas of the US than Silicon-valley. "Austin Model" was thought to show the mechanism of rejuvenation of the US Economy based on the transformation from "Corporate America" with big-businesses to "Entrepreneurial America" with fast-growing new venture firms during 1980s and 1990s, because Austin started its policy of creating High-tech Industrial Region by inviting industry consortia like MCC and SEMATECH sponsored by big-businesses, and changed its focus on assisting the spin-off venture firms from these industry consortia, resulting in high-tech region in 1990s with emerging similar venture firms agglomeration as in Silicon-valley. "Austin Model" is the very important for new economic and regional policies in the era of knowledge-based economy.According to our research project, "Austin Model" showed the importance of new system for assisting the spin-off venture firms based on research results from university and research institutes located in the region with tri-lateral hybrid networks of technology, risk-money and high level of human resources. We call this new assisting system as Innovation Cluster which can be organized by the influencer with filling up the "Structural Holes" created by the transforming to the knowledge-based economy in local areas.