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Effects of global change and human impact on sustainable use of Mongolian nomadic pastures

全球变化和人类影响对蒙古游牧牧场可持续利用的影响

基本信息

批准号：
14405037
负责人：
FUJITA Noboru
金额：
$ 9.41万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In Mongolia, overgrazing, residence fixation, land cultivation and its abandonment, and grazing in forests has been advanced recently due to increase in cashmere goat, urbanization and the market economy. Style of traditional nomadism which lasted more than one thousand years and land use of pastures have been changed. Continuous soil disturbance by overgrazing and agricultural tilling make pastures unsuitable for nomadic use as the result of soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants even in the forest zone. On the other hand, temporary soul disturbance caused by seasonal residence does not produce soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants due to seasonal and yearly transfer of residence. Livestock grazing itself increases biodiversity and productivity of pasture plants unless the grazing is too hard. Cutting experiments at different heights of sheep and goat, and cattle showed that higher annual production in the valley and on the slope was produced … More by cattle-height cutting and sheep and goat height cutting, respectively. Leading cattle into valley and sheep and goat onto slope as conducted in traditional nomadisim is reasonable use of pastures. Grazing-tolerant plants in edible plants does not decrease the productivity of edible plants but increase it due to easing the soil drying by shading from the sum. Tree ages of forests adjacent to pastures are all old more than several ten years, and there are no saplings in them. These mean that the forests regenerated several ten years before but that they have not regenerate during several ten years because of grazing in them. Dying away _of forests adjacent to pastures may promote drying of the pastures, because forests have the function of water preservation in water cycle. It is ascertained that the intermediate, adequate grazing pressure of livestock which maintains high biodiversity of pasture plants has fitted nomadism for Mongolian nature, and nomadism has continued more than one thousand years in Mongolia as the sustainable primary industries. Less

在蒙古，由于羊绒山羊的增加、城市化和市场经济的发展，过度放牧、住宅固定、土地开垦和撂荒以及森林放牧在近年来取得了进展。延续一千多年的传统游牧方式和牧场土地利用方式发生了变化。由于过度放牧和农业耕作对土壤的持续扰动，即使在林区，由于土壤碱化和耐放牧植物的支配，牧场也不适合游牧使用。另一方面，季节性居住引起的暂时灵魂扰动不会因季节性和年度迁移而产生土壤碱化和耐食植物的支配。牲畜放牧本身增加了牧草植物的生物多样性和生产力，除非放牧太辛苦。不同高度的绵羊、山羊和牛的切割试验表明，河谷和坡地的年产量分别高于牛高和绵羊、山羊高的切割。在传统的游牧生活中，牛入谷、羊入坡是对牧场的合理利用。可食植物中的耐食植物并不会降低可食植物的生产力，而是通过遮阳缓解土壤干燥，从而提高可食植物的生产力。牧场附近的森林树龄都在几十年以上，而且没有树苗。这意味着森林在几十年前就开始再生了，但在这几十年里，由于放牧，它们没有再生。由于森林在水循环中具有保水功能，邻近牧场的森林的死亡可能会促进牧场的干燥。研究表明，适度的家畜放牧压力使蒙古的游牧文化适应了蒙古的自然环境，游牧文化作为蒙古可持续发展的第一产业已经延续了一千多年。少