Effects of global change and human impact on sustainable use of Mongolian nomadic pastures

在蒙古，由于绒山羊的增加、城市化和市场经济，过度放牧、定居、土地耕作和废弃以及森林放牧等现象最近有所加剧。延续了一千多年的传统游牧方式和牧场土地利用方式发生了变化。由于过度放牧和农业耕作造成的持续的土壤扰动，使牧场不适合游牧使用，因为土壤碱化，甚至在森林地区也被耐牧植物占据。另一方面，季节性居住造成的暂时灵魂干扰不会因季节性和年度居住转移而产生土壤盐碱化和耐牧植物的统治。牲畜放牧本身增加了牧草植物的生物多样性和生产力，除非放牧太辛苦。对绵羊、山羊和牛进行不同高度的刈割试验，结果表明，在山谷和坡地上，年生产量较高 关于我们 分别采用牛高刈割和绵羊、山羊高刈割。传统游牧方式下的引牛入谷、引羊上坡，是对草场的合理利用。在食用植物中，耐放牧植物不会降低食用植物的生产力，而是由于遮荫缓解了土壤干燥而增加了生产力。牧场附近的森林树龄都在几十年以上，没有树苗。这意味着森林在几十年前就再生了，但由于放牧，几十年来没有再生。由于森林在水分循环中具有保水功能，因此，临近草场的森林的消亡可能会促进草场的干燥。可以肯定的是，中等的，足够的放牧压力的牲畜，保持高的牧草植物的生物多样性，适合游牧民族的性质，游牧民族已经持续了一千多年的蒙古国作为可持续的第一产业。少

In Mongolia, overgrazing, residence fixation, land cultivation and its abandonment, and grazing in forests has been advanced recently due to increase in cashmere goat, urbanization and the market economy. Style of traditional nomadism which lasted more than one thousand years and land use of pastures have been changed. Continuous soil disturbance by overgrazing and agricultural tilling make pastures unsuitable for nomadic use as the result of soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants even in the forest zone. On the other hand, temporary soul disturbance caused by seasonal residence does not produce soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants due to seasonal and yearly transfer of residence. Livestock grazing itself increases biodiversity and productivity of pasture plants unless the grazing is too hard. Cutting experiments at different heights of sheep and goat, and cattle showed that higher annual production in the valley and on the slope was produced … More by cattle-height cutting and sheep and goat height cutting, respectively. Leading cattle into valley and sheep and goat onto slope as conducted in traditional nomadisim is reasonable use of pastures. Grazing-tolerant plants in edible plants does not decrease the productivity of edible plants but increase it due to easing the soil drying by shading from the sum. Tree ages of forests adjacent to pastures are all old more than several ten years, and there are no saplings in them. These mean that the forests regenerated several ten years before but that they have not regenerate during several ten years because of grazing in them. Dying away _of forests adjacent to pastures may promote drying of the pastures, because forests have the function of water preservation in water cycle. It is ascertained that the intermediate, adequate grazing pressure of livestock which maintains high biodiversity of pasture plants has fitted nomadism for Mongolian nature, and nomadism has continued more than one thousand years in Mongolia as the sustainable primary industries. Less