Cultural Representation of the Artistic Creation in the Nineteenth Century France

十八、十九世纪的法国画家以各种方式将艺术创作形象化。我把创作的意象分为三类。首先，他们关注艺术创作与社会的关系。在文艺复兴时期，画室经常被描绘成一扇敞开的窗户，通过窗户可以看到城镇的街区和外面的人（图1）。因此，“艺术世界”正在形成社会的一部分。在现代时期，这种关系在某种意义上在画室意象中被逆转了。这是工作室里的社会关系，老师和学生都是这个小而自治的社会的成员。这可以从图6-10中观察到。其次，这些画家也代表了艺术家的孤独。艺术家，从工匠中分离出来，被迫原创。这意味着他们必须与其他人不同。但也只有这样的人才能支撑艺术家们的生活。这种进退两难的局面创造了许多有趣的画面。作为猴子的画家是这一主题的典型代表（图11-14）。其他画家创作了现代艺术家的忧郁处境的图像（图15-19）。但是，对其他一些人来说，独处是一件重要的事情。在他们的工作室里，他们是自由的，独立的，专注于自己的专业（图20-24）。像Octave Tassaert这样的画家创造了令人印象深刻的现代艺术家的社会状况和苦难的形象（图26,27,29）。工作室现在被描绘成一座监狱。然而，大多数艺术家都有自己的小社会，由他们的朋友、赞助人、模特或同事组成。在这种情况下，工作室被描绘成艺术爱好者的沙龙（图32-35）。他们与周围的合作者一起创作这些作品。工作室也是一个装满文件或任何其他对他们的艺术有用的东西的设备（图36.42）。工作室现在是一个缩影，或者说是大师艺术个性的缩影。这一时期的一些小说家，如诺迪埃、巴尔扎克和左拉，都是从同一角度来描绘艺术创作的。诺迪埃的《萨尔茨堡的画》（1803）在描绘原作者的忧郁处境方面尤为有趣。少

French Painters in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries visualized the artistic creation in various manners. I analyzed the images of creation in three categories.First, they focused on the relations between the artistic creation and the society. In the Renaissance era, the atelier was depicted often with an open window, through which the quartier of the town and the outside persons were shown(fig.1). Thus, the‘art world' was forming a part of the society. In the modern period, this relation was, in a sense, reversed in the atelier imagery. It is the social relationship which is now in the atelier, the master and students are members of this small and mostly autonomous society. This could be observed in the figures 6-10.Secondly, the painters represented also the solitariness of the artists. The artists, separated from artisans, are forced to be original. This means that they must be different from all other people. But it is only this people who can support the life of the artists. … More This double-bind situation has created many interesting images. The painter as a monkey was the typical representation of the theme(figs.11-14). Other painters created the images of the melancholic situation of the artists in the modern age(figs.15-19). But, for some others, being alone is an important thing. In their atelier, they are free, independent, and concentrated on their metier(figs.20-24). The painter like Octave Tassaert created the impressive image of the social situation and misery of the modern artist(figs.26,27,29). The atelier is now depicted as a prison.Nevertheless, most of the artists had their own small society, that was composed with their friends, patrons, models or colleagues. In this case, the atelier is depicted as a salon for the amateurs of the art(figs.32-35). They created the works with collaborators around them. Atelier was also a device fulfilled with the documents or any other things which were useful for their art(figs.36.42). Atelier is now a microcosm, or a miniature of the master's artistic personality.Some novelists of the period, like Nodier, Balzac and Zola, depicted the artistic creation in the same point of view. Le peintre de Salzbeurg (1803) by Nodier is especially interesting in the image of the melancholic situation of the original artist. Less