A Research on the Semantic Mechanism on the English present perfect with a Special Respect to the Synchronic and Diachronic Environment of European Present Perfects.

这份报告的核心主张是1)英语现在完成时是现在时，2)它描述了说话者意图的现在状态，用分词来描述，以及3)理解由Have描述的情况需要对话语和言语行为情景中的语境因素进行识别。现在完成式因其带来的困难的描述问题而臭名昭著。这些问题归根结底是因为没有正确认识时态语素与完成式本身的机制之间的关系。第一个原因是公认的图画，现在完成时描述的是过去的事件。导致我们得出这一观点的影响之一是类型学上的事实，即许多欧洲现在完成时都是用来表达过去的事件的。另一个原因是英语时态没有得到令人满意的解释，无法解释现在完成时所附带的时态语素的性质。第二个根本原因是对使用现在完成时所涉及的语境因素缺乏足够的认识。本研究认为，英语现在完成时可以被认为是表达现在情况的，因为(1)英语现在完成时不受中欧发生的从现在到过去的语义变化的影响；(2)附加在结构功能上的时态语素，表明从句的内容在说话人所识别的现在时间保持不变。其次，它认为，一旦时态、有、完成分词以及它们之间的相互作用被恰当地阐明，上述描述就足以解释它的用法。

The central claims of this report are 1) that the English present perfect is in the present tense, 2) that it profiles the speaker's intended present situation denoted by HAVE, elaborated by the participle, and 3) understanding the situation profiled by HAVE requires the recognition of discourse and the contextual factors in the speech act situation.The present perfect is notorious for the difficult descriptive problems it poses. These problems ultimately have arisen from a failure to properly appreciate the relationship between the tense morpheme and the mechanism of the perfect construction itself. The first cause is the accepted picture that the present perfect describes a past event. One of the effects that leads us to this view is the typological fact that many European present perfect forms are known to express past events. The other is that the English tense has not been given an account satisfactory enough to explicate the nature of the tense morpheme attached to the present perfect. The second fundamental cause is the lack of sufficient awareness of the contextual factors crucially involving with use of the present perfect.This research argues that the English present perfect can be considered to express a present situation because(1)the English present perfect has been outside the influence of the semantic change from present to past which occurred in the central Europe and (2)the tense morpheme attached to the construction functions to indicate that the content of the clause holds at the present time identified by the speaker. Second, it argues that once tense, have, the perfect participle and the interaction of these are properly elucidated, the above characterization proves remarkably adequate in accounting for its usage.