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Research on Soil Management System Taking Account of Soil and Nutrient Component Losses in Agricultural Land

考虑农用地土壤和养分流失的土壤管理系统研究

基本信息

批准号：
15580217
负责人：
MIHARA Machito
金额：
$ 2.37万
依托单位：
Tokyo University of Agriculture
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2003 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Soil and nutrient losses in upland fields affect not only agricultural land productivity but also water environment in down streams. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the combination between surface inlet and grass buffer strips on reducing soil and nutrient losses, and to develop the suitable structure of settling pond for catching soil and nutrient components from upland fields. In addition, the investigation on acceptability of this system in terrace fields of Northern Thailand included in this research. The following outcomes were obtained through 3 years research.(1) Observing the soil and nutrient losses in upland fieldsThe results of 2 years observation on soil and nutrient losses showed that particulate total nitrogen and phosphorus losses respectively ranged 88.8 to 94.3% and from 98.4 to 99.6% of total losses. Also, nutrient losses could be predicted on the basis of the coefficient of nitrogen and phosphorus transfer along with the calculated soil loss based on … More the universal soil loss equation.(2) Evaluating the conservation tillage under weed cover on reducing soil and nutrient lossesShaft tillage under weed cover (SW) was applied as conservation tillage, and shallow rotary tillage (RSB) and deep rotary tillage (RDB) were as conventional tillage. Additionally, no tillage under bare soil (NB) was set up as control. Although the soil applied RSB and RDB decreased dry density, the pore structure was not sustained after the rainfall. However, the pres formed by weed roots in SW were sustained even after the rainfall, and enhanced percolation in the soil. So, there was a tendency for surface runoff and the losses of soil, total nitrogen and phosphorus in SW to be lower than RSB, RDB and NB.(3) Evaluating the combination between surface inlet and grass buffer strips on reducing soil and nutrient lossesThe experimental results of the slope model plot with artificial rainfall indicated that the trapping efficiency of soil and nutrient losses by grass buffer strips could be kept under high level, because the surface runoff discharge through grass buffer strips was controlled to divide the excess surface runoff by surface inlet. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the plots combing grass buffer strips and settling pond with surface inlet and without surface inlet in total losses of soil, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. However, sediment amount of settling pond in the plot with surface inlet was 0.42 times of that without surface inlet. It was judged that soil conservation system combing grass buffer strips and settling pond with surface inlet could be improved the each conservation strategy and was effective for controlling soil and nutrient losses from the viewpoints of the maintenance.(4) Improving the settling pond structureThe experimental results showed the decrease in drainage discharge through the porous settling pond of inverse gravitational flow was smaller than that of gravitational flow, and the porous settling pond of inverse gravitational flow has also a sufficient function to control suspended solids. Additionally, it was judged that a washout treatment was effective for improving the decrease in drainage discharge through the porous settling pond of inverse gravitational flow.(5) Investigating the acceptability of soil management system in terrace fields of Northern ThailandAccording to the results of investigation of rill erosion sites or farmers' conservation strategies, rehabilitating rill erosion site is important for preventing gully erosion. For rehabilitating rill erosion site, it was concluded that soil should be compacted at around 1.3g/cm^3. Less

高地土壤和养分的流失不仅影响农田生产力，而且影响下游的水环境。本研究的目的是评价地表入水口与草带结合对减少土壤和养分流失的效果，并开发适合旱地土壤和养分捕集的沉淀池结构。此外，本研究还调查了该系统在泰国北方梯田中的可接受性。经过3年的研究，取得了以下成果。(1)旱地土壤和养分流失观测通过两年的观测结果表明，颗粒态全氮和全磷流失量分别占总流失量的88.8%~ 94.3%和98.4%~ 99.6%。氮磷迁移系数沿着计算的土壤流失量，可用于养分流失的预测。 ...更多信息通用土壤流失方程(2)杂草覆盖下保护性耕作减少土壤和养分流失的效果评价采用杂草覆盖下的竖井耕作（SW）作为保护性耕作，浅旋耕（RSB）和深旋耕（RDB）作为常规耕作。另外，还设置了裸土免耕（NB）作为对照。虽然施用RSB和RDB降低了土壤的干密度，但降雨后土壤孔隙结构不稳定。然而，在西南杂草根形成的压力，即使在降雨后持续，并加强在土壤中的渗透。地表径流量、土壤流失量、全氮和全磷流失量，西南地区总体上低于东北地区、西北地区和西北地区。(3)人工降雨坡面模型试验结果表明，人工草地缓冲带通过控制地表径流通过缓冲带的流量，将过量的地表径流分流，可以保持较高的土壤养分截留效率。而草地缓冲带+沉淀池+地表进水与不设置地表进水的小区，土壤总流失量、全氮、全磷流失量差异不显著。而设置表面进水的小区沉淀池的泥沙量是不设置表面进水的小区的0.42倍。从维护的角度来看，草地缓冲带和地表入流沉淀池相结合的土壤保持系统可以改善各种保持策略，并有效控制土壤和养分的流失。(4)改进沉淀池的结构试验结果表明，重力逆流多孔沉淀池比重力流多孔沉淀池排水量减少量小，对悬浮物也有足够的控制作用。此外，判断冲洗处理对于改善通过反向重力流的多孔沉淀池的排水量的减少是有效的。(5)泰国北方梯田土壤管理制度可接受性的调查根据细沟侵蚀场地调查结果或农民的保护策略，恢复细沟侵蚀场地是防止沟蚀的重要措施。对于细沟侵蚀场地的修复，土壤压实度应控制在1.3g/cm^3左右。少