Comprehensive Research on Carbon Clusters

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An extensive project on the basic research of carbon clusters called fullerenes have been carried out in seven groups, 1 higher fullerenes, 2 applications to material science, 3 metal encapsulated fullerenes, 4 synthesis of derivatives, 5 theory and computations, 6 solid state physics and crystals, and 7 biological influence. In the course of three years from 1993 and 1996, a total of 158 scientists participated in the project which received a total of 930,000,000 yen of financial support. A total of 501 original papers have been published so far, of which 2 were published in Nature and one in Science, A total of 840 papers have been presented by these groups to the semiannual General Fullerene Symposium. Some of the major results are as follows.Higher fullerenes from C_<78> to C_<116> have been isolated and some of them identified.Carbon nanocapsules containing microcrystals of pure metals of their carbides have been discovered and systematically studied.A new carbon composite materia … More l having elastic property has been fabricated from C_<60> and carbon nanotubes.Automatic production of fullerenes by JxB are jet reactor has been tested.Endohedral molecular structure of Y@C_<82> has been determined by the maximum entropy technique of X-ray diffraction analysis.Superconductivity has been discovered in silicon clusters encapsulating barium atoms.Unique dependence of electric properties in carbon nanotubes on the helical pitches has been theoretically predicted.A program package for the large-scale simulations at the atomistic level has been written based on the mixed basis ab initio molecular dynamics and executed on various aspects of fullerene chemistry and physics.Polymerization of C60 to polymers in high dimension has been accomplished for the first time.The first experimental proof for the superconductivity of alkali-doped fullerenes M_3C_<60> in accordance with the BCS theory has been presented.A water-soluble derivative of C_<60> has been successfully tested as the sensitizer in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. Less