Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly : Development and Evaluation of Empowerment Scale for the Elderly

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This study aimed 1) to construct an Empowerment Scale for the Elderly (ESE) to assess personal cognition regarding health promotion. and 2) to examine its validity and reliability. Empowerment for the elderly is a concept that consists of three sub-construcls : 1) becoming conscious of self-potential far competence, 2) recognizing issues through interaction, and 3) intending to take positive action.We tested the validity and reliabilaly of the scale based on the data of 383 elderly people (aged 65-92 years) who partacipated in health promotion programs for the elderly in 29 small communities. The results are as follows. 1) The exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation indicated three factors of the scale. As a result, this scale consisted of 12 items classified into 3 subscales. 2) The covariance structure analysis yielded a sufficient degree of fitness of the second-order structural equation model (χ2/df=2.234, GFI=0.942.AGTI=0.910. RMSEA=0.064, p<.001). 3) The construct validity was supported by a significant correlation between the ESE and three other scales (General self-efficacy scale, Helping effects scale, and Coping scale). with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.22. Criterion-relaled validity was supported by a significant correlation between the ESE and three other Scales (Empowerment, outcome scale. Daily life satisfaction. and Sense of subjective health). 4) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the ESE and its three subscales ranged from 0.71 to 0.83. indicating sufficient reliability of the scale. The average of test-retest correlation coefficients was 0.71, which is an acceptable level of stability.