The Role of Water User' Association for Efficient and Equitable Use of Water Resources : The Case of Tank Irrigation in South India.

1. 在印度各邦中，泰米尔纳德邦以地下水过度开采而闻名。哥印拜陀地区由于其坚硬的岩石性质，从深层含水层中抽取地下水。该地区的平均油井失效率约为49%。灌溉强度从1992年的115.5%下降到2002年的103.7%。不确定性成本为每公顷15736卢比，而平均收入为每公顷19075卢比，这使得农民投资打井。在这种情况下，投资于流域活动、采用井距规范、节水技术和农民教育将有助于维持硬岩地区的井灌。脆弱性往往反映在经济制度的状况以及生活在该制度中的人口的社会经济特征上。本文试图通过关注衡量该地区发展状况及其进一步发展能力的指标，构建脆弱性的社会经济背景。用于计算脆弱性指数的结构和方法遵循Anand和Sen（1994）为计算人类发展指数（HDI）而制定的方法。我们了解到，在泰米尔纳德邦的七个农业气候带中，仅包括Kanyakumari地区的高降雨区在三个不同时期是最脆弱的。我们将每个微观市场中具有市场力量的替代制度与基准案例（社会计划和分配失败的竞争制度）进行比较。实证结果表明，分配市场失灵的制度可能优于分配垄断制度，而两者都可能在投入市场或产出市场上被垄断力量所支配。如果政策目标是使电网的规模最大化，那么配电垄断公司做得最好。

1. Among the Indian states, Tamil Nadu state is known for its groundwater over-exploitation. Coimbatore district due to its hard-rock nature extracts the groundwater from deep aquifers. The average well failure in the district is about 49 percent. Irrigation intensity has reduced from 115.5 percent in 1992 to 103.7 percent in 2002. Cost of uncertainty was Rs 15736 per hectare compared to the average income of Rs 19075 per hectare which made the farmers to invest in wells. Under these circumstances, investment in watershed activities, adoption of well spacing norms, water saving technologies and farmer education will help sustain the well irrigation in hard rock regions.2. Vulnerability is often reflected in the condition of the economic system as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the population living in that system. This paper attempts to construct a picture of socioeconomic context of vulnerability by focusing on indicators that measure both the state of development of the region as well as its capacity to progress further. The structure and methodologies used to calculate the vulnerability index follows the approach developed by Anand and Sen (1994) for the calculation of the human development index (HDI). We come to know that high rainfall zone that includes only Kanyakumari district is the most vulnerable ones among the total of seven agro climatic zones in Tamilnadu throughout the three different time periods.3. We compare alternative institutions with market power in each micro-market with benchmark cases-social planning and a competitive regime with distribution failure. Empirical results show that the regime with market failure in distribution may be preferred to a distribution monopoly, while both may be dominated by monopoly power in the input or output markets. If the policy goal is to maximize the size of the grid, the distribution monopoly does best.