A novel biomaterial for joint repair generated by self-organization : creation of a self-organized bone and cartilage-like tissue without a cell resource.

骨和软骨的破坏或退化发生在诸如骨关节炎（OA）和类风湿性关节炎（RA）的肌肉骨骼疾病中。近年来，组织工程和其他旨在重建关节的新技术引起了人们的注意。关于关节软骨组织工程，通过用胶原凝胶培养自体软骨细胞或间充质干细胞在体外产生的三维材料已经被植入，以在有限的情况下替换软骨的缺陷部分。然而，需要细胞培养的几个传代以获得用于组织工程的足够数量的细胞。本研究的目的是创造一种新的生物材料，其功能和结构与天然透明关节软骨相似，但在软骨细胞的分化、恶性转化和干细胞的分化等方面还存在一些问题，需要从细胞来源的角度加以解决 关于我们 即利用软骨基质成分本身的物理化学性质，换句话说，采用自组织技术而不是使用软骨细胞来产生软骨基质，最终导致关节软骨组织形成。我们验证了自组织过程的条件和准确性，并使用电子和电子束显微镜分析了所得的微观结构，以研究自组织中涉及的技术，这将适用于创建软骨样组织。我们证明，自组装的几个软骨成分，包括II型胶原蛋白，蛋白多糖和透明质酸可以构建自组装的软骨样组织，其特征在于纳米复合结构与人类关节软骨和低摩擦系数小的天然软骨。因此，我们证明了我们能够单独使用基质组分而不使用细胞资源来产生这样的组织。少

Destruction or degeneration of bone and cartilage occurs in musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, attention has been drawn to tissue engineering and other novel techniques aimed at reconstruction of the joint. Regarding articular cartilage tissue engineering, three-dimensional materials created in vitro by cultivation of autologous chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells with a collagen gel have been implanted to replace defective parts of the cartilage in limited cases. However, several passages of cell culture are required to obtain a sufficient number of cells for tissue engineering. Additionally, several other problems arise including dedifferentiation of chondrocytes, malignant transformation and differentiation of stem cells which need to be solved from a viewpoint of cellular resources.The purpose of our study is to create a novel biomaterial possessing functions and structures comparable to native hyaline articular cartilag … More e by utilizing the physicochemical properties of the cartilage matrix components themselves, in other words, employing a self-organization technique instead of using chondrocytes to produce cartilage matrices eventually leading to articular cartilage tissue formation. We verified the conditions and accuracy of the self-organization process and analyzed the resulting micro structure using electron and electron beam microscopy in order to study the technique involved in the self-organization which would be applicable to creation of cartilage-like tissue. We demonstrated that self-assembly of several cartilage components including type II collagen, proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid could construct self-assembled cartilage-like tissues characterized by nano composite structures comparable to human articular cartilage and by low friction coefficients as small as those of native cartilage. We thus demonstrated that we are able to create such tissues using matrix components alone without using cellular resources. Less