The career orientations of R＆D Professionals in high-tech industry

在美国，对研发人员职业取向的研究通常采用管理取向和技术取向。然而，在日本，技术导向分为研究和工程两类，研究是指对问题本质的根本性探索，而工程是指为开发实用技术或产品商业化而进行的研究。此外，由于职业生涯中期的专业人员经常承担与项目维护和技术研发相关的管理职责，我们称之为组织导向。商业化导向强调与其他部门的合作和与客户的谈判。

Research carried out on the career orientations of R＆D professionals has conventionally utilized managerial orientation and technical orientation in the United States. However, in Japan, technical orientation is divided into the research and engineering categories, with research referring to a fundamental quest for the true nature of issues, while engineering denotes research carried out to develop practical technologies or product commercialization. Moreover, because mid-career professionals often take on both the managerial duties associated with project maintenance and technical R＆D, we call it organizing orientation. And Commercializing orientation strongly emphasizes the collaboration with other departments and negotiating with customers.