An Integrated Assessment of Urban Energy Systems involving Distributed Optimization and Multi-agent Model

本研究提出一种用于城市能源系统评估的系统模型。最近，商业和住宅建筑部门的城市能源系统发生了迅速变化，因为消费者可以同时扮演基于热电联产系统的供应商。热泵和其他能源设备的COP进展也使情况复杂化。我们的研究旨在开发新的模型，以实现城市能源系统的最佳规划，涉及多个主体的行为和设备的特性。本研究项目包括两个子类别；前者是基于多智能体仿真模型的模型开发，后者反映了燃气发动机的部分负荷特性和热泵的温度依赖关系等能源设备的详细特性。在多智能体模型中，考虑了发电企业、独立发电企业和有/没有热电联产系统的用户。更多的代理商在交易市场上买卖电力。拥有热电联产系统的用户可以输出多余的电力。生产者的目标是基于演员-评论家过程的利益最大化。该模型通过仿真，阐明了发电模式的行为和交易价格的变化。第二个模型主要研究能源设备性能对区域最优能源规划的影响。热电联产系统（CGS）和区域供热系统（DHC）通常被认为有助于商业和住宅建筑的节能和减少二氧化碳排放。但是，由于贡献很大程度上取决于区域条件和能源需求模式，现有的评估主要是针对某一建筑物或某一地区。为了更全面地评估CGS和DHC的减排潜力，我们开发了一个基于GIS的能源系统评估模型。我们选取了宇都宫市的七个区域，宇都宫市位于东京附近，拥有45万居民，是一个典型的日本中型城市。利用GIS，我们评估了详细的能源需求统计数据，然后将其转换为考虑能源设备特性的能量流模型。然后将该模型应用于从日本南向北扩散的宇都宫、那霸和札幌。模型结果表明，虽然这三个地区的气候条件不同，但我们可以观察到潜在的CO2减排率与商业建筑建筑面积占总建筑面积的比例之间的关系是一致的，通过实施HP、CGS和DHC等新能源设备以及剩余电力的轮转，城市建筑面积的CO2排放量将减少18.6%。少

This research proposes a system modeling for the assessment of urban energy systems. Recently, urban energy systems on the commercial and residential building sector have changed rapidly since the consumers can simultaneously play suppliers based on cogeneration systems. The progress in the COP of heat pumps and other energy equipments have also complicated the situation. Our research aims at the development of new models towards the optimal planning of urban energy systems involving the behavior of multiple subjects and the properties of the equipment. This research project consists of two sub-categories; the first one is the model development based on multi-agent simulation model and the second one reflects the detailed properties of energy equipments such as partial load properties of gas engines and temperature dependencies of heat pumps.In the multi-agent model, power generation utility, independent power producer and consumers with/without cogeneration systems are considered. The … More se agents sell and buy electric power in the trading market. The consumers with cogeneration systems can export the surplus power. The producers aim at the benefit maximization based on the Actor-Critic process. This model clarifies the behavior of power generation pattern and the trading price changes through the simulations.The second model focuses on the influence of the properties of energy equipments on the regional optimal energy planning. Cogeneration systems (CGS) and District Heating Systems (DHC) are often expected to contribute to the energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction in the commercial and residential buildings. However, since the contribution strongly depends on the regional conditions as well as the energy demand patterns, existing assessments have mainly dealt with the certain building or a district. In this paper, to evaluate the potential reduction of CGS and DHC more generally, we develop a GIS based energy system assessment model. We pick up seven regions of Utsunomiya-city which locates near Tokyo and has 450 thousand inhabitants, as a typical mid-size city of Japan. Applying GIS, we evaluate detailed energy demand statistics, which are then transferred to the energy flow model taking into account the properties of the energy equipments. This model is then applied to Utsunomiya, Naha and Sapporo which spread from south to north area of Japan. The model results suggest that although the climate condition of these three regions are different, we can observe a consistent relationship between the potential CO2 emission reduction rate and the ratio of commercial building floor area to the total floor and that 18.6% of CO2 emission from urban building area will be reduced by implementing such new energy equipments as HP, CGS and DHC with wheeling of surplus electric power. Less