A task dynamic approach to prosodic strength relations (TARE)

韵律已经被证明可以系统地影响元音和辅音的发音运动。在短语边界和重音下，可以证实舌头和下巴的运动更长更大。这些结果表明，韵律不仅具有音调方面的特征，例如语调轮廓，而且还受到大量语音线索的显著影响。使用韵律调节手势的概念，关注发音影响的动态建模方法已经开始出现。调制手势没有收缩目标，但在相互激活的时间内影响元音和辅音产生的收缩手势。虽然大多数使用调制手势的模型都集中在韵律边界对发音的影响上，但关于韵律突出的建模还有很多工作要做。该项目填补了这一空白，开发了一个动态模型的短语水平突出影响的发音使用调制手势，基于实验调查。它的目的是为突出提供调制手势的充分表征。虽然大多数关于节奏边界的调制的研究都假设了时间上的变化，例如，较慢的运动，但也发现了突出引起的对发音的影响是空间的，例如，较大的运动。该项目解决的问题是，空间效应是否可以被描述为时间变化的副产品，或者它们是否构成了韵律调节的一个单独维度。此外，对语调的研究表明，一个短语内多个突出音之间的关系起着重要作用。重要的语用意义并不局限于局部，而是似乎分布在整个短语中。因此，该项目专注于一个短语中多个元素之间的韵律强度关系的建模和韵律调节的梯度。它使用耦合振荡的方法来描述分层组织的语言结构中的效果。动态建模方法不仅允许层次结构中多个元素之间的相互作用，而且还捕获渐进的修改。因此，它能够模拟超越重音与非重音二分法的韵律效应。该项目的另一个目的是研究发音和音调因素的相互作用。它将着重于韵律调节如何同时影响喉上发音手势（辅音和元音）和音调手势（音高重音）。

Prosody has been shown to affect the articulatory movements of vowels and consonants systematically. At phrase boundaries and under accentuation, longer and larger movements of the tongue and the jaw can be attested. These results indicate that prosody is not only characterized by tonal aspects, e.g., intonation contours, but significantly shaped by a multitude of phonetic cues. Dynamical modelling approaches concerned with the effects on articulation have started to emerge using the concept of prosodic modulation gestures. Modulation gestures do not have constriction targets but affect the constriction gestures for the production of vowels and consonants during the mutual time of activation. While most of the models using modulation gestures concentrate on the effects of prosodic boundaries on articulation, a lot of work remains to be done with regard to the modelling of prosodic prominence. The project fills this gap in developing a dynamical model of phrase-level prominence effects on articulation using modulation gestures, based on experimental investigations. It aims at providing an adequate characterization of modulation gestures for prominence. While most studies on modulations at prosodic boundaries assume temporal modifications, e.g., slower movements, prominence-induced effects on articulation have also been found to be spatial, e.g., larger movements. The project addresses the question as to whether the spatial effects can be described as by-products of temporal modifications or whether they constitute a separate dimension of prosodic modulation. Moreover, studies on intonation indicate that the relation between multiple prominences within one phrase plays a major role. Important pragmatic meanings are not exclusively encoded locally but seem to be distributed over the whole phrase. The project therefore concentrates on the modelling of prosodic strength relations between multiple elements in one phrase and the gradiency of prosodic modulations. It uses the approach of coupled oscillations to describe effects in hierarchically organized linguistic structures. The dynamical modelling approach does not only allow for the interaction between multiple elements in the hierarchy but also captures gradual modifications. In consequence, it is able to model prosodic effects beyond the dichotomy of accented vs. unaccented. A further aim of the project is to investigate the interplay of articulatory and tonal factors. It will focus on how prosodic modulations affect supra-laryngeal articulation gestures (for consonants and vowels) and tonal gestures (for pitch accents) at the same time.