A task dynamic approach to prosodic strength relations (TARE)

韵律系统地影响了元音和辅音的发音运动。在短语边界和重音下，可以证明舌头和下巴有更长更大的移动。这些结果表明，韵律不仅由声调方面的特征，例如，语调轮廓，而且显著地被大量的语音线索塑造。关于发音影响的动态建模方法已经开始使用韵律调制手势的概念出现。调制手势没有收缩目标，但在相互激活的过程中会影响产生元音和辅音的收缩手势。虽然大多数使用调制手势的模型都集中在韵律边界对发音的影响上，但在韵律突显的建模方面仍有很多工作要做。该项目填补了这一空白，在实验研究的基础上，开发了使用调制手势的短语级别突出对发音影响的动力学模型。它的目的是为突出提供适当的调制手势的特征。虽然大多数关于韵律边界调制的研究假设时间变化，例如，较慢的运动，但突显对发音的影响也被发现是空间的，例如，较大的运动。该项目解决的问题是，空间效应是否可以被描述为时间变化的副产品，或者它们是否构成韵律调制的一个单独层面。此外，对语调的研究表明，一个短语内多个突显之间的关系起着重要作用。重要的语用意义并不是只在当地编码，而是似乎分布在整个短语中。因此，该项目集中于对一个阶段中多个元素之间的韵律强度关系和韵律调制的梯度进行建模。它使用耦合振荡的方法来描述层级组织的语言结构中的效果。动态建模方法不仅允许层次结构中的多个元素之间的相互作用，而且还捕捉到了逐渐的变化。因此，它能够模拟重音和非重音的二分法之外的韵律效果。该项目的另一个目标是研究发音和声调因素之间的相互作用。它将集中于韵律调节如何同时影响喉上发音手势(对于辅音和元音)和声调手势(对于音调重音)。

Prosody has been shown to affect the articulatory movements of vowels and consonants systematically. At phrase boundaries and under accentuation, longer and larger movements of the tongue and the jaw can be attested. These results indicate that prosody is not only characterized by tonal aspects, e.g., intonation contours, but significantly shaped by a multitude of phonetic cues. Dynamical modelling approaches concerned with the effects on articulation have started to emerge using the concept of prosodic modulation gestures. Modulation gestures do not have constriction targets but affect the constriction gestures for the production of vowels and consonants during the mutual time of activation. While most of the models using modulation gestures concentrate on the effects of prosodic boundaries on articulation, a lot of work remains to be done with regard to the modelling of prosodic prominence. The project fills this gap in developing a dynamical model of phrase-level prominence effects on articulation using modulation gestures, based on experimental investigations. It aims at providing an adequate characterization of modulation gestures for prominence. While most studies on modulations at prosodic boundaries assume temporal modifications, e.g., slower movements, prominence-induced effects on articulation have also been found to be spatial, e.g., larger movements. The project addresses the question as to whether the spatial effects can be described as by-products of temporal modifications or whether they constitute a separate dimension of prosodic modulation. Moreover, studies on intonation indicate that the relation between multiple prominences within one phrase plays a major role. Important pragmatic meanings are not exclusively encoded locally but seem to be distributed over the whole phrase. The project therefore concentrates on the modelling of prosodic strength relations between multiple elements in one phrase and the gradiency of prosodic modulations. It uses the approach of coupled oscillations to describe effects in hierarchically organized linguistic structures. The dynamical modelling approach does not only allow for the interaction between multiple elements in the hierarchy but also captures gradual modifications. In consequence, it is able to model prosodic effects beyond the dichotomy of accented vs. unaccented. A further aim of the project is to investigate the interplay of articulatory and tonal factors. It will focus on how prosodic modulations affect supra-laryngeal articulation gestures (for consonants and vowels) and tonal gestures (for pitch accents) at the same time.