Reform Losers in the Roman Milieu at the Time of the Reform Papacy

教皇改革时期罗马环境中的改革失败者

• 批准号: 498307613
• 负责人: Dr. Francesco Massetti
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrgebiet Mittelalterliche Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/498307613?language=en
• 关键词: Reform; Losers; Roman; Milieu; Time

The transition from a collegially organized “episcopal church” to an increasingly hierarchically structured and Rome-centered “Papal Church”, which profoundly changed the entire Latin christianitas in the second half of the 11th century, also seriously affected the Roman church in its local dimension. The politico-military and ecclesiastical disputes implementating the Reform Papacy in the Eternal City, however, have been researched almost exclusively from the papal perspective, while the forces who were defeated in these conflicts, received little attention in historical research. In order to fill this considerable gap, the present investigation aims at focussing on urban und curial conflicts, which took place in Rom from the beginning of the Reform Papacy (1046) to the end of the Wibertine schism (1101).First of all, the Roman nobility lost its traditional control over papal election and many Roman clerics fell victim to the papal fight against simony. In a later phase, however, the hierocratic radicalization of Church Reform under Pope Gregory VII drove reform-oriented cardinals into the camp of the Reform Papacy’s opponents. These schismatic cardinals, who supported the antipope Clement (III), left behind a corpus of pamphlets, which reveals insights into their ecclesiopolitical and ecclesiological views. After changing fortunes, they were finally defeated in 1101, when the last antipope elected by them was publicly deposed and humiliated. Ultimately, the investigation should expose that also main protagonists of Church Reform suffered defeats: Humbert von Moyenmoutier and Petrus Damiani become central figures in the curia, but they were only able to partially implement their Reform concerns in the Roman milieu.In addition to the careful reconstruction of the causes of and developments during the conflicts, the study should also investigate the opposing strategies of legitimation and de-legitimation with a special focus on the rhetorical constructions of the Gregorian propaganda. The “theory of losers” by Sabine Graul and Marian Nebelin, which systematized and extended the reflection of Walter Benjamin on the “Defeated”, offers essential instruments for the deconstruction of partisan representations of Reform Losers. On this basis, the study is intended to emphasise that not all Reform losers opposed a moral Reform of the christianitas, as some of them rather expressed other Reform concerns, which partially deviated from the Gregorian views.

11世纪下半叶，罗马教会从一个合办的“圣公会”转变为一个越来越有等级结构、以罗马为中心的“教宗教会”，这一转变深刻地改变了整个拉丁基督教会，也严重影响了罗马教会在当地的规模。然而，在永恒之城实施教宗改革的政治、军事和宗教争端几乎都是从教皇的角度进行研究的，而在这些冲突中被击败的势力在历史研究中几乎没有受到关注。为了填补这一相当大的空白，本调查旨在关注罗马教廷改革开始(1046年)到维伯丁分裂(1101年)结束期间发生的城市和城市冲突。首先，罗马贵族失去了对教皇选举的传统控制，许多罗马神职人员成为教皇反对锡尼的斗争的受害者。然而，在后来的阶段，教宗格雷戈里七世领导下的教会改革的等级制度激进化将以改革为导向的红衣主教们推入了教宗改革反对者的阵营。这些分裂的红衣主教，谁支持反教皇克莱门特(III)，留下了一个小册子语料库，其中揭示了对他们的教会政治和教会观点的见解。在改变命运后，他们最终在1101年被击败，当时他们选出的最后一位反教皇被公开罢免和羞辱。最终，调查应该暴露出教会改革的主要主角也遭受了失败：亨伯特·冯·莫扬穆蒂埃和佩特鲁斯·达米亚尼成为教廷的中心人物，但他们只能在罗马环境中部分地实现他们的改革关切。除了仔细地重建冲突的原因和发展之外，研究还应该调查合法化和非合法化的对立策略，特别关注格里高利宣传的修辞结构。萨宾·格劳尔和玛丽安·内贝林的“失败者理论”系统化和延伸了本雅明对“失败者”的反思，为解构改革失败者的党派表征提供了必要的工具。在此基础上，本研究旨在强调，并非所有改革失败者都反对基督教的道德改革，因为他们中的一些人表达了其他改革关切，这部分偏离了格里高利的观点。