SPP 2403: Carnot Batteries: Inverse Design from Markets to Molecules

在向波动能源过渡的过程中，廉价、与地点无关、节约资源的电能存储是尚未解决的中心问题。一种可能的解决方案是新兴的卡诺电池(CBS)技术，通过高温热泵将电能转化为热量，然后将热量储存在水、石头或熔盐等廉价材料中，然后根据需要将其转化为电能，例如通过蒸汽轮机。热力学原理早已为人所知，但至今还没有一种通用的方法来设计或根据基本原理和目标对其进行评价。卡诺电池是一个复杂的耦合、时变系统，具有大量的元件和自由度。已公布的效率和成本很少得到验证，或者只适用于特定的系统；融入未来能源市场的情况还没有得到探索。这一优先计划(SPP)的全新方法是全面的逆自顶向下设计方法，它从目标变量(市场)一步步地向小的方向发展，旨在实现最优设计和最优操作模式，以及相应的周期、存储、机器和流体(分子)，并依次将这些组件进行最佳组合--这些组件到目前为止还没有被考虑过。特别是对工质及其混合物与工艺配置和工艺参数进行了联合优化，找出了技术经济极限。CBS的市场需求和局限性将由一个跨学科的SPP团队进行调查。通过建立一个新的跨学科社区，预计将在方法和内容方面获得较高的知识收益，这可以转移到进一步的能源技术问题上。这将在相互建立并密切合作的反向排列的项目领域完成：能源市场的A-卡诺电池，B-卡诺电池的设计，C-卡诺电池的组件。SPP的工作将由一个共享的卡诺电池实验室汇集和验证，该实验室将在协调项目内建立，可供SPP的参与者用于验证他们的模型和调查CB不同相互连接部分的耦合。与会者之间的合作和交流将通过组织研讨会、学生交流和研讨会进行协调，并包括来自不同学科的国际知名科学家的参与。协调项目将促进和管理研究数据的管理，并向公众通报研究结果。

The inexpensive, location-independent, and resource-saving storage of electrical energy is the central unsolved problem in the transition to fluctuating energy sources. One possible solution would be the emerging technology of Carnot batteries (CBs), where electrical energy is converted into heat by high-temperature heat pumps, which are then stored in inexpensive materials such as water, stones, or molten salts, and then converted back into electrical energy as needed, e.g., by means of steam turbines. The thermodynamic principle has been known for a long time, nevertheless there are so far no general methods for their design or their evaluation based on the fundamentals and the objectives. Carnot batteries are complex coupled, time-varying systems with a large number of components and degrees of freedom. Published efficiencies and costs are rarely verified or apply only to specific systems; integration into future energy markets is unexplored. The fundamentally new approach of this priority program (SPP) is the comprehensive inverse top-down design methodology, which, starting from the target variables (market) step by step towards the smaller, aims at the optimal design as well as optimal modes of operation, with corresponding cycles, storages, machines, and fluids (molecule), and in turn optimally combines these components - which have not been considered so far. Especially the working fluids and their mixtures are co-optimized with the process configurations and process parameters to find the technical and economical limits. The market needs and the limits of CBs is to be investigated by an interdisciplinary SPP team. By building up a new interdisciplinary community, a high methodological and content-related gain in knowledge is expected, which is transferable to further energy-technological questions. This will be done in the inversely arranged project areas, which build on each other and cooperate intensely: A - Carnot batteries in energy markets, B - Design of Carnot batteries, C - Components for Carnot batteries. The work of the SPP will be pooled and validated by a shared Carnot battery laboratory, which will be set-up within the coordination project and can be used by the participants of the SPP for validation of their models and for investigating the coupling of different interconnected parts of a CB. The cooperation and exchange between the participants will be coordinated, by organizing workshops, student exchanges, seminars, and includes the involvement of internationally renowned scientists from different disciplines. The management of research data will be facilitated and managed by the coordination project, as well as the communication of the results to the public.